PHYSICAL TRAINING IN THE ARMED FORCES OF THE USSR - a system of various physical. exercises used in the Soviet Army in the Navy in combination with the observance by military personnel of hygienic rules, military regime and the use of natural forces of nature - the sun, air and water.
Only morally stable, strong-willed, well-trained military personnel with great endurance and versatile physical abilities can successfully carry out combat missions. preparedness. In accordance with these requirements, physical training in the military forces of the USSR is aimed at increasing and comprehensive development of physical training among military personnel. abilities for skillful, rapid, intense actions.
Phys. Training in the Soviet Army and Navy is of a military-applied nature. At the same time, by promoting the formation of diversified, physically developed, hardened and healthy citizens of the Soviet Union undergoing military service, and instilling in them physical education skills, physical training in the Supreme Soviet of the USSR is an important link in the general Soviet physical education movement.
The military training of the USSR has tasks common to all personnel of the Soviet Army and Navy, as well as special tasks that are solved depending on the specific requirements of combat training of a particular branch of the Armed Forces or branch of the armed forces. The general tasks of physical education in the Supreme Soviet of the USSR are: the development of large-scale physical science. endurance, strength, agility and speed in action; nurturing initiative and resourcefulness, courage and determination, self-confidence, attentiveness, quickness of orientation and speed of reaction; developing the ability to act accurately and dexterously in physical conditions. fatigue and nervous tension, as well as the ability to quickly switch from one type of action to another; mastering the skills of accelerated movement by walking, running, skiing, swimming, overcoming obstacles, throwing grenades and hand-to-hand combat; health promotion and hardening, physical improvement. development of military personnel, etc.
The main forms of the F. p. in the V.S. USSR are as follows: 1) training sessions in gymnastics, movement on terrain, overcoming obstacles and hand-to-hand combat, ski training, swimming, athletics, sports games, and in the Navy also rowing; 2) morning physical. exercises, the content of the cut includes: running on terrain up to 3 km in combination with overcoming natural and artificial obstacles, floor exercise sets, exercises for two, in a group, speed exercises, exercises for gymnastic apparatus and the devices of ships, as well as in lifting weights, swimming, rowing on naval boats; 3) physical exercises in conditions of limited mobility and before duty at vehicles and instruments - in the form of special complexes performed at the direction of the commander to maintain high performance and maintain the combat effectiveness of personnel while serving in aircraft, in ship compartments, in trenches, shelters, wagons, etc. - special conditions; 4) associated physical. training in walking and running, skiing, overcoming obstacles, etc.; 5) sports work carried out in units and units in free time and on weekends in the form of training and competitions various types sports, selected primarily taking into account the possible complete solution of military-applied problems for a given branch of the Armed Forces or branch of the armed forces.
Thanks to the tireless concerns of the Communist Party and the Soviet government about the growth of the power of our Motherland, the security of its borders and ensuring peace throughout the world, the face of the USSR Armed Forces was constantly changing and improving. With the growth of the Soviet economy, it developed and improved Combat vehicles and weapons. The Soviet Armed Forces are equipped with the most modern weapons and military equipment; they have enormous striking power, high maneuverability, and the ability to take quick and destructive actions. All this places extremely high demands on personal physical activity. and moral qualities of soldiers. This means that with the development of military art, military equipment and weapons, the entire system of physical training of troops, those means and methods with the help of which the necessary military qualities and skills are developed in personnel, must accordingly be modified and improved.
From the first days of Soviet power, the Communist Party began to create its own army, an army of a new type. The new army could not be complete without the versatile training of its personnel. That is why, from the first years of the existence of our army, physical training of personnel in conjunction with political and cultural education began to be widely used. During the Civil War, classes were conducted in the system of general military training (Vsevobuch), and in reserve units - in the form of field gymnastics, bayonet fighting, grenade throwing, skiing, walking, running and various other applied exercises. Later, various programs and instructions on physical training were developed in the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, and a number of orders were issued for the army and navy. These materials, as well as the governing bodies for physical training and sports, determine the organizational basis of physical training in the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
In F. p. in V. S. USSR great importance have specialists in physics. education, which is prepared by the Red Banner Military Faculty physical culture at GDOIFK im. Lesgafta. However, the leading role in achieving high level physical The preparedness of personnel is played by the combined arms commander. The commander of a unit or warship bears full responsibility for the entire organization of physical training and sports in the units subordinate to him. The unit commander personally conducts classes with the soldiers and sergeants subordinate to him, organizes morning exercises and other forms of physical training. That is why, along with the training of specialists in physics. Education in the army carries out physical training for all officer personnel, starting from Suvorov military schools and ending with military academies. Having graduated from a secondary or higher military educational institution, an officer has sufficient knowledge and skills to personally organize and conduct physical training classes and mass sports activities.
Sports work also acquired certain organizational forms in the Soviet Army. In units such as a platoon or company, sports work is carried out with all personnel and is aimed at ensuring that every soldier passes the GTO standards of the second stage and receives at least one of the sports categories in the available applied sports. This task is successfully solved by many divisions and units. Great assistance in this is provided by the annual all-army, district and naval reviews of the state of sports work in military units, on ships and in military schools, held since 1959. The winners of these shows are awarded challenge prizes from the USSR Ministry of Defense.
In larger units and units there are national teams for the main sports for the Soviet Army, which include: bullet shooting, ski race, athletics and weightlifting, swimming, gymnastics, boxing, classical wrestling, football, handball, basketball and some others. For training with national teams from best athletes Freelance instructors (trainers) are being trained. In military districts and in the navy, created sports clubs, which are training centers for youth athletes of the first category and masters of sports. The Central Sports Club of the Army (CSKA) also has a number of youth sections and schools where they train sports reserves for national teams of the Soviet Army.
Management of work in physics. training and sports in the Armed Forces is carried out by the Sports Committee of the USSR Ministry of Defense, formed in 1962.
At regularly held sports competitions- from grassroots championships of divisions and units to all-army sports competitions - every year hundreds of athletes fulfill the standards of masters of sports and I sports category. In just 3 years (1959 - 1961) 1281 masters of sports were trained in the ranks of the Soviet Army and Navy; in 1961, there were 157 of the strongest army athletes. won the title of USSR champion, 12 European champions and 25 world champions. At the II Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR, competing in 22 sports, the army team won 238 medals, of which 68 gold and 97 silver, and at the I Winter Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR - 31 medals: 13 gold, 10 silver and 8 bronze.
The network of sports facilities in the Soviet Army is constantly expanding. Each military unit, each garrison has a certain set of physical culture facilities: a gymnastics town, grounds for sports games, obstacle courses, and often stadiums and swimming pool. Not a single regimental or garrison club is built without a gymnasium, basketball, weightlifting or boxing halls.
In order to constantly improve the means and methods of physical training and bring them closer to the tasks and requirements of combat training in the best possible way, the Soviet Army is conducting extensive military-scientific work in the field of physical training and sports. In the troops, it is carried out by a group of special scientists, as well as by the departments of the Red Banner Military Faculty of Physical Culture at the GDOIFK named after. Lesgaft and physical training departments of higher military educational institutions. In addition, many professors and teachers of the Military Medical Academy named after. S. M. Kirov, as well as many combat officers and generals are the direct organizers of combat training. All military research work in this area is coordinated by the Scientific and Methodological Council on Physical Training, created in 1947 in the USSR Ministry of Defense.
All work on physical training in the Supreme Soviet of the USSR is built in inextricable connection with the entire Soviet physical education movement. Army athletes perform as part of USSR national teams at various international events. competitions. For example, as part of the Soviet team that competed at the XVI Olympic Games in Melbourne, there were 81 army athletes. 40 army athletes returned home from Olympic medals, among them 13 people. with gold: V. Kuts, A. Vorobyov, F. Bogdanovsky, V. Romanenko, A. Bogdanov, I. Deryugin, V. Safronov, V. Nikolaev, P. Stolbov, L. Egorova, A. Bashashkin, B. Razinsky , I. Betsa. At the VIII Winter Olympic Games in Squaw Valley, army athletes distinguished themselves: speed skater E. Grishin, skier G. Vaganov and biathlete N. Gusakov. 307 Soviet athletes went to the XVII Olympic Games in Rome, among whom were 69 representatives of the SA and the Navy. 13 army and navy athletes became champions of the Rome Olympiad: Y. Vlasov, V. Kapitonov, I. Bogdan, V. Ivanov, S. Filatov, V. Tsybulenko, A. Vorobyov, E. Minaev, T. Pinegin, F. Shutkov, G. Sveshnikov, M. Nikolaeva and N. Ponomareva. In total, SA and Navy athletes were awarded 37 Olympic medals. This was their contribution to the overall victory Soviet sports at the XVII Olympic Games. Over a 6-year period (1956 - 1961), army athletes updated 245 individual records of the USSR, 84 of them exceeded the highest world achievements.
Every soldier demobilized from the ranks of the army or navy is, to one degree or another, an athlete. Returning to work at a factory or collective farm, he becomes an activist in physical education, helping to organize and conduct classes in grassroots physical education groups. culture. This is how the Soviet Army helps strengthen the country’s physical education movement. In turn, our physical education organizations constantly provide assistance to the army by preparing an increasingly physically developed young generation for military service.
Sources:
- Encyclopedic dictionary of physical culture and sports. Volume 3. Ch. ed. - G.I. Kukushkin. M., "Physical education and sport", 1963. 423 p.
History of hand-to-hand combat in the USSR. Part 3.
Before the outbreak of the Second World War, which included separate episodes of local wars and conflicts waged by the USSR with Finland and with Japan on Khalkhin Gol and Lake Khasan, the leadership of the Red Army (Workers' and Peasants' Red Army) did not pay due attention to the training of personnel to hand-to-hand combat. There was an opinion that due to the increased firepower of all the armies of the world, with the arrival of light automatic small arms in the troops: pistols, machine guns and submachine guns, the role of hand-to-hand combat would be small and it was only necessary for special units of the NKVD and border service, but mass there will be no use of hand-to-hand combat.
Therefore, in NPRB-38 (“Manual on preparation for hand-to-hand combat”), released in 1938, preference was given to comprehensive training of strength and physical endurance of fighters: overcoming obstacles, possession of edged weapons, methods of movement various types terrain, hand grenade throwing techniques. From the point of view of military training, this was, perhaps, a very correct and correct decision, since the first battles of 1939-1940 in Manchuria and Mongolia, and especially in the Finnish War, showed how important the level of physical training of the rank and file was. At the same time, the fallacy of the idea of close combat as only fire combat became obvious. This was especially clear in the September 1939 offensive of the Red Army in the area of the Khalkhin Gol River. There were hundreds and even thousands of episodes in this military campaign when it was necessary to literally pick the Japanese out of their positions in close hand-to-hand combat. For the most part, the Japanese were staunch fighters and did not want to retreat, much less surrender.
Already by 1941, taking into account the experience of previous battles, the “Manual for Preparation for Hand-to-Hand Combat” RPRB-41 was developed and sent to the troops, where much more space was allocated specifically to hand-to-hand combat. The manual included not only bayonet fighting techniques: thrusts and blows with a butt, but also fighting techniques with a rifle without a bayonet, a small sapper blade, a bayonet as a dagger, as well as unarmed versus armed with a rifle or edged weapon - a bayonet, knife or dagger. Sparingly, space was given to the methods of teaching hand-to-hand combat, as well as to the preparation and maintenance of simple equipment: training sticks, wooden rifles with a soft tip and stuffed animals.
The first battles with the Germans showed that hand-to-hand combat almost always occurred where the Red Army troops acted steadfastly and defended themselves competently. Even during the difficult period of retreat in 1941, in those sectors of the front where there were units trained, including for hand-to-hand combat, the Red Army offered fierce resistance. In this sense, the history of the Brest Fortress is indicative, the defenders of which repeatedly engaged in hand-to-hand combat with the Germans, holding the fortress for several months.
Hand to hand combat. Preparation of spare parts for the Red Army
As part of the formation and training of new units of the Red Army, in 1942 the “Manual on physical training in reserve units of the Red Army” was published, which is aimed at training reserve soldiers. After training the personnel, almost all of these spare parts become combat units and are sent to the front. According to the "Guide to physical training in spare parts" out of a total of 40 hours of physical training, 25 hours were allocated specifically for studying hand-to-hand combat techniques.
Of course, these were the simplest, but at the same time effective methods of defense and attack, both with the use of weapons and improvised means (knife, bayonet, rifle, large and small sapper shovel) and without them. For the most part, the level of training of infantry units entering the front at this time began to meet the requirements of that time.
Training in hand-to-hand combat at the front
Almost from the first months of the war, preparation for hand-to-hand combat at the front took on a training and practical direction. The training of troops was carried out in the near rear, where they were withdrawn for rest and reorganization at a short time. There was no emphasis on learning many techniques; on the contrary, the infantryman’s arsenal of actions was small, but was trained in conjunction with other actions of the fighter (overcoming obstacles, throwing grenades) in various battle conditions: when defending a trench and trench, or vice versa, when attacking them.
1941, training in hand-to-hand combat, Belarus Already starting in 1942, much more time was devoted to attacking actions. Often, before an offensive, assault lines were lined up near the front line, which imitated the German defensive line on this section of the front. Through such a strip in complex training(accelerated attack -> overcoming obstacles -> throwing grenades -> hand-to-hand combat) all units were driven through several times. The exercises were carried out by squad, platoon, company and battalion. Such training ended with regimental exercises, thus the command achieved complete coherence of all combat units: from a simple soldier to a regiment. Hand-to-hand training took up to 15% of the total time allocated for such exercises. Particular attention was paid to the tactical behavior of fighters in hand-to-hand combat in various close combat conditions: trenches, communication passages, engineering structures, and, starting from 1943-44, in residential and public buildings.
Technique for fighting an unarmed RPRB-41 with an armed rifle In the new Combat Regulations of the Red Army infantry adopted in 1942, the position of hand-to-hand combat as the main type of combat was already established: in Chapter 1 “ General provisions" said: “Fire, maneuver and hand-to-hand combat are the main methods of infantry action.”
In an offensive infantry battle, the infantry's task was defined as follows: “... skillfully combining fire and movement, get close to the enemy, attack him, destroy in hand-to-hand combat or capture and secure the captured area..."
In the young Land of the Soviets, hand-to-hand combat developed in a special way. This direction coincided with the vector of the country's development. The rejected “legacy of autocracy” includes folk fist fighting and schools technical training hand-to-hand and bayonet combat, used in the tsarist police and army. But the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, the people's militia and the nascent intelligence services needed skills in applied hand-to-hand combat. To revive it, instructions are given and specialists loyal to the new government are brought in.
In 1919, a training program for hand-to-hand combat in the Red Army was published. In the same year, the “Guide to Bayonet Combat” was approved. In 1923, the first official manual on physical training was published, which was called “Physical training of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army and pre-conscription youth.” It had sections: “Keeping cold” and “Methods of defense and attack without weapons.” Because the old school training was largely lost, its place was taken by Western boxing, Greco-Roman wrestling and oriental judo and jiu-jitsu. In the early 20s of the last century, they created sport sections, in which they study methods of defense and attack without weapons, and possession of edged weapons.
On April 16, 1923, the Moscow proletarian sports society “Dynamo” was established, in which a self-defense section worked under the leadership of Viktor Afanasyevich Spiridonov. In 1928, he published the book “Self-Defense Without Weapons,” in which he synthesizes jiu-jitsu with French wrestling techniques. In 1930, V.S. Oshchepkov was invited to the Department of Defense and Attack of the State Center for Physical Culture as an elective teacher in judo. The department's curriculum included studying the fundamentals of sports training in classical wrestling, boxing, fencing, bayonet fighting and strength training. It was during these years that striking and wrestling techniques were combined into a single applied complex.
In 1930, for operational officers of the GPU and police N.N. Oznobishin published a manual “The Art of Hand-to-Hand Combat”. The author critically assessed and compared various martial arts known at that time. Based personal experience N.N. Oznobishin developed an original combined system. This was the first attempt in the country to combine hand-to-hand combat, close fire combat and the psychological premise of the fight into a single whole.
Spiridonov, for the first time in world practice, implemented a feedback system when employees of the Cheka, after detaining a criminal, filled out special, “prepared” questionnaires, in which they indicated the methods and techniques used in detaining the criminal.
Not only did I have to put my skills into practice law enforcement agencies, but also the Red Army.
The events on Lake Khasan and Khalkhin Gol, as well as the Soviet-Finnish war, showed that the massive use of hand-to-hand combat in modern warfare is unlikely. This is a war of technology, engines and maneuver with fire defeat. The Finnish War also showed the need for comfortable, warm uniforms, the absence of which complicated the classical use of hand-to-hand combat even in reconnaissance. As a result, the Finnish war left very few examples of hand-to-hand combat.
The outbreak of the Great Patriotic War pushed development into the background sports direction hand-to-hand combat. In the ensuing battles, applied hand-to-hand combat was used. These contractions are divided into two categories:
– mass battles in combined arms combat;
– fights during reconnaissance raids, searches and ambushes.
The first category, although it showed mass heroism and the cruelty of war, did not require systematic hand-to-hand combat.
Military intelligence officers and saboteurs were trained professionally. They were taught to plan fights, conduct them meaningfully, achieving the necessary goal.
They selected fighters who knew how to think and had good physical characteristics. During the war, their training system was improved and well-debugged. Here is a short combat episode from the book of naval reconnaissance officer twice Hero of the Soviet Union V. N. Leonov: “Barinov’s platoon is closest to the barrier. Taking off his quilted jacket, Pavel Baryshev threw it onto the barbed wire and rolled it over the fence. Tall Guznenkov immediately jumped over the wire, fell, crawled away and immediately opened fire on the doors of the barracks.
The scouts began to take off their jackets and raincoats as they approached barbed wire. And Ivan Lysenko ran up to the iron crosspiece on which the wire hung, bent down, with a strong jerk he threw the crosspiece onto his shoulders, slowly rose to his full height and, spreading his legs wide, shouted angrily:
- Forward, bros! Dive!
- Well done, Lysenko!
I slipped through the gap that had formed under the fence.
Overtaking me, the scouts ran to the barracks and guns, to the dugouts and dugouts.
Semyon Agafonov climbed onto the roof of the dugout, near the cannon. “Why is he doing this?” – I was perplexed. Two officers jumped out of the dugout. Agafonov shot the first (later it turned out that it was the battery commander), and the second, chief lieutenant, was stunned by a blow from the butt of a machine gun. Having jumped, Agafonov caught up with Andrei Pshenichnykh, and they began to pave the way to the gun with grenades.
Agafonov and Pshenichnykh were still engaged in hand-to-hand combat with the gun crew, and Guznenkov with two scouts, Kolosov and Ryabchinsky, were already turning the gun towards Liinhamari.” The description of the fight shows a combination of close fire and hand-to-hand combat.
They began to systematize and describe the experience gained after the war. Thus, in 1945, K. T. Bulochko’s manual “Physical Training of a Scout” was published, in which the author, using military experience, describes the techniques and methods of hand-to-hand combat. Moreover, almost everything given in the book has not lost its relevance even now.
The NKVD troops showed themselves in many ways. It is worth remembering the unit called the troops of the special group of the NKVD. In 1941, the unit was renamed a separate special purpose motorized rifle brigade. Many prominent athletes of the Soviet Union served in the brigade: shooters, boxers, wrestlers, etc. Thanks to their experience and skills, prisoners were captured, raids and ambushes were carried out in territories captured by the enemy. Moreover, a significant proportion of them were carried out silently, using only hand-to-hand combat techniques.
In the war between the Land of the Rising Sun and the USSR, the Japanese did not even think of measuring their strength in hand-to-hand combat with Soviet soldiers. If such fights took place, then our fighters emerged victorious. Mentions of practical benefits for the Japanese in these battles martial arts No.
Based on the experience of past wars, the place of hand-to-hand combat in the training of a warrior was determined, as a means of physical and psychological preparation. Hand-to-hand combat was used to develop motor skills and abilities, correct orientation in close combat, in order to be the first to fire a shot, throw a grenade, strike with a cold weapon, or perform a technique.
In close combat, the enemy was first used to defeat the enemy with fire, and edged weapons and martial arts techniques were used only in the event of a sudden collision with the enemy, in the absence of ammunition or failure firearms, if necessary, destroy the enemy silently or when captured. This encouraged the fighters to instantly navigate a rapidly changing environment, showing initiative, acting decisively and boldly, making full use of the acquired practical knowledge.
In connection with changes in weapons, equipment, tactics, tasks and doctrine of warfare, the attitude in the army to hand-to-hand combat is also changing. Thus, in the “Instructions for Physical Training” of 1948, actions with improvised means and methods of attack and defense without weapons are excluded from the section “Hand-to-Hand Combat”.
Since 1952, the army has ceased to hold competitions in sports hand-to-hand combat. In 1967, the Soviet army stopped practicing fencing with rifles with an elastic bayonet. This is primarily due to the consequences of the military-technical revolution.
Despite the above, interest in self-defense techniques, while somewhat fading in one place, became stronger in another. The development of hand-to-hand combat passed from one phase to another, it was revived with new strength through the Sambo system.
The events on Damansky Island, where Chinese provocations were widespread and regular, returned attention to hand-to-hand combat. The Chinese sought to provoke the Soviet border guards to use weapons. As a result, brutal hand-to-hand combat ensued. This is how Hero of the Soviet Union, the first commander of Alpha, Major General Vitaly Bubenin, who commanded one of the border outposts on this section of the border at that time, describes it in his book “Damansky’s Bloody Snow”: “And so it began. A thousand selected, healthy, strong, furious fighters clashed in mortal combat. A powerful wild roar, moans, screams, cries for help echoed far over the great Ussuri River. The crackle of stakes, butts, skulls and bones completed the picture of the battle. Many machine guns no longer had stocks. The soldiers, wrapping belts around their hands, fought with what was left of them. And the loudspeakers continued to inspire the bandits. The orchestra did not stop for a minute. Another ice battle in Rus' since the battle of our ancestors with the dog knights.” The book contains many detailed descriptions of individual and group fights. The conflict ended with the use of artillery, including Grad multiple rocket launchers, and combat losses on both sides. However, it became clear to everyone that hand-to-hand combat still requires study and development.
The country was entering a stagnant but relatively calm time. The absence and unwillingness of changes in society also affected the development of hand-to-hand combat.
Nevertheless, since the late 60s of the last century, great interest in karate has appeared in the USSR. This type of wrestling was brought to our country by foreign students studying at Soviet universities, employees of foreign companies, and Soviet specialists working abroad.
Karate was gradually legalized. Official structures either fight it or provide support.
Along with the development of karate clubs, schools of other martial arts appear: kung fu, taekwondo, Viet Wo Dao, aikido, jiu-jitsu, etc. Sport halls many educational institutions were overflowing with those wishing to master the “secret systems”.
This was the time when Bruce Lee made his films, which changed the attitude towards martial arts throughout the world. And in the Soviet Union they worked better than any party propaganda. Naturally, martial arts were associated with bourgeois ideology and developed slowly. But they developed and were reworked in the understanding of the Russian mentality. Thus, A. Shturmin and T. Kasyanov “Russified” karate by transferring the eastern basis to the Russian mentality. Later, Kasyanov went further, creating sports hand-to-hand combat with karate, boxing techniques, throws, trips, sweeps and painful holds. Moreover, hand-to-hand combat in this direction included sambo techniques, and Kasyanov considers himself a student of A. Kharlampiev.
In April 1990, an all-Union training and certification seminar for trainers and martial arts teachers was held on the basis of CSKA. 70 military instructors took part in the seminar. An attempt was made to popularize the hand-to-hand combat modernized by Kasyanov among military personnel and law enforcement officers. On the one hand, the instructors were not ready to accept the new requirements, on the other hand, eastern base didn't fit army requirements, as a result of which great success was not achieved. A.A. Kadochnikov, who had his own view of hand-to-hand combat, was also present at the seminar.
Kadochnikov was the first in the world to apply an engineering approach to the construction of hand-to-hand combat. Information about him as a Kuban nugget, reviving Russian combat systems, dates back to the mid-80s of the last century. He worked at the department of theoretical mechanics at the Krasnodar Rocket School, where he brought scientific theory to the practice of various actions in hand-to-hand combat. He also achieved what T. Kasyanov unsuccessfully sought. The initiative group, which included Alexey Alekseevich, receives an order to carry out research work from the Ministry of Defense. The non-staff reconnaissance company of the Krasnodar Rocket School, formed on the initiative of the same group of like-minded people, becomes a practical basis for testing the techniques. Subsequently, their initiative turned into the creation of a center for training special forces soldiers using the methods of the Russian combat system, which existed as a military unit until 2002.
In the period from the beginning of the 90s to the present, Kasyanov and Kadochnikov trained many students who founded their own areas in hand-to-hand combat and martial arts. The students who studied with Kasyanov created the Budo club in 1992, preserving and improving the ideas of martial arts with the Russian mentality. In 1996, the Alfa-Budo club appeared, which is closely associated with the Association of Veterans of the Alpha Special Forces. This club, in preparing its students, synthesizes the eastern origin, the Russian mentality and the spirit of military brotherhood of the Alpha special forces.
Many founders of modern Russian combat systems started and interacted with Kadochnikov. Thus, the founder of the Russian self-defense system ROSS A.I. Retyunskikh attended Kadochnikov’s classes from 1980 to 1990. The creators of the BARS combat army system S.A. Bogachev, S.V. Ivanov, A.Yu. Fedotov and S.A. Ten were in contact with V.P. Danilov and S.I. Sergienko, who worked together with Kadochnikov, and for their own the systems borrowed many of the principles of A.A. Kadochnikov’s school. Danilov and Sergienko, who served in the Krasnodar special forces training center, after being transferred to the reserve, founded their own combat system. In this system, they adapted the experience of training special forces soldiers for self-defense actions in Everyday life. This is how COLLECTION appeared - the Russian combat system.
Kasyanov, Kadochnikov and many other founders of various martial arts disciplines in their publications and interviews often speak with regret about students who disagreed with them in their views and began to develop their own schools and directions. Complaining about this is a futile task; the modern information age makes knowledge accessible to the public. Knowledge cannot be locked in a bottle - it will flow out. Knowledge is not a rival resource. Even their use as a product has a peculiarity: when it passes to someone, they remain with the original carrier.
That's why on modern stage none of the existing systems will be accepted as the basis for training in the country's law enforcement agencies. The law enforcement agencies will use only what is necessary, forming their own training system taking into account the tasks at hand.
No. 67014/s
Secret
About the work done by the Inspectorate of non-military and physical training of the Red Army
From the time of its formation in April 1924 until the end of that year, the Inspectorate of Non-military and Physical Training of the Red Army was in charge of issues of territorial formations, non-military, and physical training.
* Number and date of the transmittal note containing S.S.’s resolution. Kamenev about reading from November 21.
In October of this year. issues of territorial formations were removed from the functions of the Inspectorate and its further work focused on resolving the main tasks in the field of non-military and physical training of the Red Army and the militarization of political and educational work among the population.
The main activities of the Inspectorate in the first period were:
1) in the study and development of issues raised in March 1924 by the All-Union meeting on territorial formations and in the preparatory work for the next gathering of territorial divisions;
2) in the management of pre-conscription training;
3) in the management of physical training of pre-conscription age, military educational institutions and military units of the Red Army and Navy;
4) in popularizing the ideas of physical development in the Red Army and among the civilian population;
5) participation in the work of departments and departments of the central apparatus on the above issues;
6) participation in physical and non-military training outside the Military Department.
As a result of a survey of a number of military districts carried out in the spring and summer of last year, the Inspectorate collected and processed material on the organization of collections of military units, their zoning, deployment, staffing, etc.; at the same time, the organization and conduct of pre-conscription training in certain areas, as well as physical development in military units and universities, was studied in detail.
Characterizing the activities of the Inspectorate as a whole for the second period of time, in order to most fully cover all its functions, it is necessary to dwell on the following significant stages of its work:
1) staff work within the apparatus itself;
2) activities within the range of its functions – exclusively inspectorate and, finally,
3) the work of the Inspectorate outside its apparatus to carry out certain issues that require sanction or assistance from other bodies, both military and especially civilian departments.
It is necessary to point out that from the initial steps of its activities, the Inspectorate considered issues of non-military training in general and, in particular, pre-conscription training as the most important event in the course of further development territorial police construction, which is the main foundation in new system building the armed forces.
This guided the Inspectorate when drawing up the report and theses for the expanded plenum of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, this guided it in its internal work and in the work of the commissions of the Military Department, and, finally, this permeated all its activities outside the Military Department.
At the same time, the Inspectorate's course was directed towards carrying out work, especially in the field of physical training and militarization, not at the expense of the War Department, but shifting most of the costs to professional organizations and the population itself.
Three Year Plan. In connection with the need to introduce non-military training into a planned direction, at the end of 1924 a three-year (1926-1928) plan with diagrams and calculations was developed, which provided for:
2) organization of a training apparatus in areas of territorial and personnel divisions and in areas not covered by military units;
3) the procedure for implementing the normal training plan for pre-conscription conscripts;
4) expenses for organizing non-military training of various categories of military personnel.
Development of regulations. The shortcomings and sore points of the places that emerged during the period of pre-conscription training in the 1924-25 academic year led to the need for the Inspectorate to develop a number of legal provisions sent to the Main Directorate of the Red Army for further development and implementation in legislation, which include:
1) a draft resolution of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on the organization of training centers;
2) draft regulations on the training point, the head and manager of the point;
3) a draft resolution of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on assistance councils and regulations on them;
4) a draft resolution of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and instructions for involving reserve command personnel in non-military training;
5) chapter “Regulations on the service of commanding personnel of the Red Army” involved in organizing and conducting non-military training.
Without leaving aside the issue of deepening the put forward principles of militarization of political and educational bodies, the Inspectorate developed and sent out an information letter signed by the deputy to the authorized representatives of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR in the union republics. prev [RVS USSR] about the planned and carried out activities, with the attachment of all developed materials and circulars of the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR, with the goal of carrying them out through the relevant government bodies.
Management of pre-conscription training. In addition to the purely theoretical study of issues related to the establishment of normal conditions for non-military training, the Inspectorate supervised the training of pre-conscripts in 1903 and 1904. [birth]. The localities were given directives on the procedure for using instructor-organizers, on activities in the field of organizing non-military training of military commissariats (31/XII-24, No. 135212), on the procedure for students undergoing pre-conscription training (16/II-25, No. 135330) and on training [pre-conscription conscripts] born in 1903 (13/XII-24 No. 59014/s).
Since the summer of 1925, organizational functions for non-military training were completely transferred to the Main Directorate of the Red Army, while the Inspectorate took part in them, managing exclusively the training side of the matter and inspecting and instructing places. This leadership was expressed in the preparation of programs and guidelines for study periods. For the current academic year, new 420-hour programs for training pre-conscripts in various branches of the military have been developed and published jointly with the Inspectorates for all branches of the military.
Teaching aids and devices. Providing places with educational equipment and aids was also part of the functions of the Inspectorate, which for the current academic year acquired and distributed to the districts:
1) statutes: disciplinary – 9,000 copies; internal service - 5,000 copies, rifle - 3,350 copies, rule for checking rifle firing - 2,000 copies, Maxim machine gun - 3,300 copies, hand grenades - 3,100 copies, arrangement of shooting ranges - 3,100 copies, small arms , part three – 3,900 copies, infantry combat regulations, part one – 3,900 copies;
2) wall tables: rifle - 4,000 copies, small arms - 4,500 sets, gas masks - 4,500 copies, means and methods of chemical attack - 4,500 copies, symbols - 4,500 copies, squad and platoon service - 34,000 copies;
3) collection “Territorial Construction” – 840 copies;
4) 1400 sets of shooting instruments.
Material base. The material base for non-military training in 1924 also did not leave the hands of the Inspectorate, which requested and allocated additional loans in the amount of 450,000 rubles to pay daily subsistence allowances for instructor-organizers, for the equipment of training points and the purchase of teaching aids and instruments, as well as for the retraining of command personnel reserve (March 1925). At the same time, directives were given on the procedure for using loans transferred by the center.
Concerned with providing a material basis for the ongoing militarization of civilian cultural and educational bodies, the Inspectorate developed and submitted to the interested People's Commissariats estimates for adapting reading rooms and clubs to military work.
Physical training. With regard to the physical training of school and pre-conscription age groups and the civilian population, a new physical training program for pre-conscription conscripts has been developed, which is included in the general collection of programs. Submitted to the scientific and methodological commission of the Main Academic Council to take into account, when drawing up school programs, the requirements of the Military Department for the physical training of schoolchildren of the unified labor school.
In addition to the programs, the following have been developed:
1) the issue of using civil organizations and institutions (trade unions, Glavpolitprosvet, etc.) to conduct physical training for youth;
2) order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR dated January 31 of this year. for No. 143 on the need for active participation of Military Department employees in physical education councils;
3) the question of taking into account the results of physical training of pre-conscription conscripts in relation to the order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR this year. for No. 568;
4) draft decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars on work on physical culture (for the All-Russian Sports and Physical Culture Committee);
In addition, materials on the physical education of youth have been prepared for the All-Union Teachers' Congress.
Regarding the physical training of the Red Army and F units:
1) carried out by order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR this year. for No. 151 Regulations on physical training committees and sports troikas; And
2) developed:
a) a draft order on the introduction of full-time positions for managers and physical training supervisors in military units (passed through legislation partially in relation to divisional physical training supervisors);
b) a normal plan for physical training for the 1924-25 academic year for all branches of the military (announced by the circular of the Chief of Staff of the Red Army dated December 19, 1924 No. 135187);
c) definition instructions physical fitness military units and universities (carried out by order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR this year No. 568);
d) regulations and rules on winter and summer competitions of military units (announced by circulars of the Inspectorate dated January 30 of this year for No. 135290 and of April 24 for No. 135567 and July 6 of this year for No. 135416);
e) programs for physical training of personnel and territorial units for all branches of the military for two years of service are transferred to the relevant Inspections for inclusion in the general list of knowledge that must be completed during the entire period of Red Army soldiers in active military service;
f) directives to districts on physical training work during the camp period (circular of the Chief of Staff of the Red Army dated April 24 of this year No. 135567);
g) instructions and a schematic (approximate) plan for extracurricular sports work in the Red Army (transferred to the PUR for distribution to localities).
Regarding the production physical education In universities, the programs of all military schools developed by the University were reviewed and edited.
The programs of physical education courses for the command staff of the Red Army and the Fleet named after Comrade Lenin were reviewed and supplemented.
The objectives of all categories of universities (and academies) in relation to physics education have been established. Instructions are being developed for the organization of physical education in military academies.
Scientific work. The lack of manuals and guidance literature, especially acute in such a new area of work as non-military training and militarization, as well as the need to promote physical culture, brought to the forefront the issue of scientific work of the Inspectorate, during the period of whose existence the following manuals were published:
For physical training:
1) “Methods for objective assessment of the results of physical training of military units and universities”;
2) “Organization of competitions, physical culture festivals, arrangement of sites”;
3) “Sports in the Red Army in the summer”;
4) “Physical training system of the Red Army”;
5) “Physical culture of workers”;
6) “Throwing hand grenades”;
7) “Tests of physical fitness.”
For non-military training:
1) “Guidelines for setting up a gymnastics camp at a training point”;
2) “Guide to setting up a sapper-camouflage camp at a training point” (Inspection of Red Army Engineers);
3) “Reference manual for commanding officers conducting non-military training”;
4) “Instruction to the command and political composition of territorial units.”
In addition, the Inspectorate took part in publications: the collection “Territorial Construction”, the collection “Winter Study”, “Companion of the Young Commander”, in collections published by the Supreme Council of Physical Culture and the Central Committee of the RLKSM; in the magazines: “Military Bulletin”, “Red Army Man”, “Political Worker’s Companion”, “War and Revolution”, “News of Physical Culture of the RSFSR”, “Bulletin of Physical Culture of the Ukrainian SSR”, “At the Machine”, “Voice of the Worker”, etc., in newspapers: “Red Star”, “Red Sport”, “Pravda”, etc.
With the close participation and editing of the Inspectorate, the collection of Glavpolitprosvet “Armed People” was published.
Current activity. The daily day-to-day activities of the Inspectorate were far from typical clerical work. In its main features, it boiled down to the processing and subsequent conclusions of reporting materials for meetings of the Inspectorate and meetings of the Council for Combat Training of the Red Army, to the ongoing management of the work on carrying out training fees[conscripts] born in 1903 and 1904 and preparing training camps in the 1925-26 academic year, as well as coordinating the work on organizing and conducting training on the railways.
Episodic work may include the preparation of a report and theses on non-military and physical training for the expanded plenum of the Revolutionary Military Council in December 1924, as well as the collection and processing of materials on the actual state of all terdivisions with a comprehensive description of each of them. This work was carried out by the Inspectorate in March 1925, when the issues of territorial construction were transferred from the Inspectorate, and did not achieve the desired result due to the fact that comprehensive materials were not found in the entire central apparatus (Inspectorate report dated April 11, 1925, No. 59051/s).
Along with this, in its current work, the Inspectorate participated in the development of measures and regulations issued by the directorates and departments of the Main Directorate of the Red Army and the Headquarters of the Red Army, both on issues of non-military and physical training, and territorial construction (Troop Organization Directorate, Command Directorate, Legal and Statistical Department, Organizational -mobilization management, etc.).
Work on commissions. The above stages of the Inspectorate’s work, on the one hand, contributed to the resolution of the most important fundamental issues of organizing and conducting non-military training and militarization and raised these issues as the most important in the development and resolution of the fundamentals of building the armed forces, on the other hand, they were a consequence of the specific conclusions that were reached RVS commission on non-military training and militarization. First- was created in December 1924 under the chairmanship of the inspector. The commission included 2 employees of the Inspectorate, and issues that were subject to resolution by the commission were subject to preliminary study in the Inspectorate itself. In May of this year, the Inspectorate completed, developed and carried out through the mentioned commission the projects “Basic provisions of non-military training” and “Specific measures” for the implementation of this training. The main provisions were determined:
1) goals and objectives of non-military training;
2) forms of participation of state and civilian organizations in the implementation of non-military training;
3) the scope of pre-conscription training programs;
4) organization of training for pre-conscripts in air and navy units and in railway units;
5) the basics of non-military training of pre-conscripts and reserves;
6) organization of training camps during non-military training;
7) bodies in charge of non-military training in military units and other areas and the training apparatus;
8) organization and equipment of military training centers, principles of their zoning and deployment;
9) supplying educational centers with teaching aids, military and sports equipment;
10) the procedure for attracting and paying training management personnel. “Specific activities” developed in accordance with the “Basic Provisions” resulted in a plan for non-military training, starting with the 1925-26 academic year.
Second commission- on militarization was also organized under the chairmanship of an inspector in November 1924. The commission directly included 3 employees of the Inspectorate, and the commission in its work also relied on the apparatus of the Inspectorate. As a result of her work, the tasks, forms and methods of attracting and organizing public activities in the field of military training of the population were determined; the bodies that should be involved in military training work in the first place have been outlined; the costs associated with carrying out this work locally were determined and organizational forms for managing the work in the center and the union republics were outlined. The tasks of using public amateur activities by the commission are reduced to:
1) attracting the attention of the working masses to the issues of building the Red Army and Navy;
2) dissemination of military literacy and, first of all, the basics of shooting among the entire population;
3) strengthening physical education of the population;
4) the creation of a military training base in the period between gatherings of contingents undergoing military training in a non-military manner and changing territorial units;
5) eliminating illiteracy among military contingents.
This task is planned to be accomplished through the inclusion of elements of military and physical training in the system of general labor education and training and the adaptation of all political and educational work also for the purposes of military training.
Inspection. Moving on to the second stage of the Inspectorate’s work, it should be noted that during the last academic year, in relation to military training and formations, the following were inspected:
By Caucasian Red Banner Army- army command, one personnel division, one national division, two regiments of the Azerbaijani rifle division and one regiment of the Armenian rifle division.
By North Caucasus Military District- two rifle and one personnel divisions and 7 military commissariats of autonomous regions.
By Volga Military District- three rifle divisions and three territorial districts.
By Kazakh regional military commissariat– two territorial districts and one district military registration and enlistment office.
By Siberian Military District– two rifle divisions and two territorial districts.
By Ukrainian Military District- four independent terrorist districts, one corps territorial district and three rifle divisions.
By - two rifle divisions and three independent territorial districts.
By Western Military District- one rifle division, one corps district and two independent territorial districts.
By Turkestan Front– one territorial district, two regional military commissariat and two county military commissariat.
By Moscow Military District– one independent territorial district.
Regarding physical fitness:
By Leningrad Military District– Military-Political, Artillery and Engineering Academies, Physical education courses for command staff of the Red Army and Navy and inspection of non-military and physical training.
By Ukrainian Military District- two rifle divisions, one infantry school, one military-political school, three territorial districts, inspection of non-military and physical training and military sports competitions.
By Moscow Military District- three rifle divisions.
By Volga Military District- three rifle divisions, one rifle regiment, two universities, three territorial districts and an inspection of non-military and physical training.
The physical training inspection plan planned for the past year was not fully implemented, but the materials received still provided a lot for the further leadership work of the Inspectorate. The current year has shown that the staff of the Inspectorate is completely insufficient to inspect all district centers, units of the Red Army of all types of weapons, pre-conscription training areas and to monitor physical training in universities and the RKKF.
Work outside the Inspectorate. An extremely characteristic moment in all the activities of the Inspectorate is the stage of its work outside its apparatus. If other bodies of the Headquarters and Directorate of the Red Army can, in their functions, be limited to the circle of relationships within the Military Department, then the Inspectorate, when resolving its main issues, has to not only contact its work with the bodies of the civil department, but also carry out a whole series of decisions directly through the latter. A striking example of this is the following series of service relationships and activities carried out in the field of militarization and physical training:
A. Through the People's Commissariat for Education.
1) Developed jointly with Glavpolitprosvet: a) circulars on the organization of military corners and circles in reading huts and clubs; b) [draft] resolution of the Council of People's Commissars and instructions on the deployment of military work in reading huts; c) a list of military literature for libraries, reading rooms and clubs.
2) GUS - participation of the inspector and his assistant in meetings on the organization of physical training in schools and universities and on the deployment of military work in educational institutions and political education bodies.
3) The Board of the People's Commissariat of Education - representation in meetings when considering estimates for the deployment of military work in huts, reading rooms and clubs, as well as the development of a draft resolution of the Council of People's Commissars on the elimination of illiteracy among pre-conscripts and citizens enrolled in the rotating composition of military units.
B. Through the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions.
Contact has been established with the presidium and the cultural department to coordinate the issues of militarization of clubs and the involvement of civil organizations in the physical training of pre-conscription youth.
B. Through the Central Committee of the RLKSM.
1) Military Commission - a directive was developed and passed through the Central Committee on the involvement of local bodies of the RLKSM in the work of non-military training. Regulations on military propaganda among members of the union and on military work in the club were jointly published.
2) Pioneer Commission - participation in the development of programs for physical training of pioneer detachments and methods of promoting physical culture among pioneers.
D. Through the RCP of the RSFSR.
Participation in the commission for the financing of non-military training and work in the field of literacy.
D. Through the VSFK(presidium, plenum, scientific and technical committee, program and methodological commission, editorial board, ski commission and commission for work in the countryside).
The inspector is the deputy chairman of the VSFK, the assistant inspector is the deputy chairman of the scientific and technical committee, 2 employees of the Inspectorate are section chairmen and members of the scientific and technical committee, and 1 employee is a member of the scientific and technical committee.
The active role of the Inspectorate in the VSFK made it possible not only to participate in all the organizational, scientific and technical work of the VSFK, but also to coordinate the relevant activities of the People's Commissariats and organizations represented in the VSFK with the requirements of the Military Department for the psychophysical training of various ages of the civilian population.
Through the eradication of illiteracy.
Participation in work:
a) VChKLB in relation to the elimination of illiteracy among pre-conscription conscripts and the variable composition of military units.
b) All-Russian meeting of regional and provincial literacy liquidators (summarizing the results of the work and approving plans for the next 2 academic year).
c) 3rd All-Russian Congress on the Elimination of Illiteracy (identification of robotic methods).
The work of the Inspectorate in special commissions of the Military Department is no less characteristic. 3 employees participated in the commission of the Main Directorate of the Red Army to develop the law on compulsory military service, and the following sections and chapters were directly developed by the Inspectorate: “Pre-conscription training” (Section II); “On active military service and variable composition” (Chapter B, Section III); “On active military service of citizens undergoing non-military training” (Chapter B, Section III). The commission of the Main Directorate of the Red Army for the development of the Regulations on Terrestrial Divisions included 2 workers, and the inspector was the chairman of three subcommittees. 5 workers participated in the PUR commission for the development of the Regulations on work between gatherings of territorial units, and the Inspectorate itself developed: 1) a chapter on training points; 2) about the discarding of personnel; 3) about authorized persons from among the persons of variable composition; 4) about shooting ranges and military camps with a list of shooting range equipment items; 5) timesheets for supplying equipment and property to training centers; 6) instructions to authorized persons.
In its current work, the Inspectorate had to devote part of its time to coordination, joint development and assistance in resolving issues related mainly to non-military training, territorial construction and physical culture. For example:
1) participation in the central psychophysiological commission of the Armed Forces of the Red Army and the Navy;
2) in the Main Committee of Physical Training of the Red Army, work was carried out in accordance with the order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR dated February 10 of this year. for No. 151;
3) in the Central Test Committee - participation in the work;
4) in the Department of Military Educational Institutions - coordination of physical training programs of universities and all issues of militarization;
5) the issue of organizing territorial regiments in provincial independent political circles was jointly worked out with the Organizational Bureau;
6) coordination of issues of medical and sanitary services for citizens undergoing non-military training is carried out with Glavsanuprom;
7) with the Supply Department - joint development of time sheets for the supply of training centers with apartment and engineering equipment and standards for the supply of artillery equipment;
8) at the KUVK, the inspector gave introductory lectures on territorial construction and 2 employees of the Inspectorate participated as group leaders.
In addition to the above, the Inspectorate took part in periodic congresses and meetings (chiefs of district departments, heads of political departments of districts, cavalry chiefs, UVUZ, People's Commissariat for Education, VSFK, etc.), at which reports were presented by the inspector or his assistant.
About the work of the Inspectorate in the future . The work of the Inspectorate listed above in the past indicates what enormous prospects are opening up for the Military Department and its creativity in creating the Armed Forces of the Union on a militia basis.
The role of the Inspectorate and the determination of its place in the system of modern military development of the Union can be characterized by the following list of works that the Inspectorate performs and must perform in the future in order to fully serve the interests of the Red Army.
A. For physical training of school and pre-conscription age:
1) Study of issues of physical education in a unified labor school, in accordance with the tasks of the Military Department.
2) Development of the fundamentals and methods of physical education for pre-conscription ages, carried out both by the military department and by civilian organizations of the USSR.
3) Study of issues on the use of civil organizations and institutions (trade unions, RLKSM, Glavpolitprosvet, etc.) for the purpose of conducting physical training of youth of pre-conscription age in accordance with the tasks of the Military Department.
4) Development of standards and establishment of a procedure for determining the physical fitness of pre-conscription youth and linking this issue with the All-Russian Sports and Sports Committee and with interested institutions.
5) Development of “Manuals on physical training for pre-conscription conscripts.”
B. On physical training of military units of the Red Army and Navy:
1) Development and implementation in legislation of regulations on leaders and supervisors of physical training in units of the Red Army.
2) Details of the normal physical training plan for units of the Red Army and guidance on issues raised in places.
3) Studying the issues of conducting physical education work among the changing camps and the periods between training camps, in particular, the organization of military sports sections in clubs, reading huts, etc.
4) Studying issues of physical training of command personnel.
5) Development of a methodology for morning physical exercises and special training sessions on physical training of the Red Army.
6) Participation in the development of the issue medical supervision over the physical training of the Red Army.
7) Studying questions on physical training of a scientific nature, such as: about the best ways walking, about the performance of a human fighter, etc.
8) Study of issues regarding the organization of physical training in foreign armies.
9) Development of programs and instructions for extracurricular activities sports work in parts of the Red Army.
10) Processing of data recording the physical fitness of military units in accordance with the requirements of the order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR of 1925 No. 568.
11) Development of the “Manual on physical training of the Red Army”.
12) Development of “Guidelines for the use of skis in military affairs.”
13) Development of “Manuals on extracurricular sports work in the Red Army and the Navy.”
14) Development of a “Memo for the commander and instructor-organizer on physical culture.”
15) Participation in the work of the supply bodies of the VKhU and VSFC for sports supplies and standardization of samples of sports and gymnastic equipment.
B. On physical training of military educational institutions:
1) Review and editing of physical education programs for military schools (normal).
2) Development and review of physical education programs for advanced courses, repeat courses, academies and military departments at civilian universities.
3) General observation of the educational work of the physical education courses for the command staff of the Red Army and the Fleet named after Comrade Lenin.
D. Inspection:
1) Military units of all types of troops (personnel and territorial).
2) Military educational institutions.
3) Pre-conscription training centers.
4) Sports work between training sessions.
5) Monitoring the implementation of the requirements of the Military Department regarding physical training in schools of the 1st and 2nd levels, as well as in civilian universities.
D. On agitation and promotion of physical training:
1) Development of Regulations and Rules for winter and summer competitions of internal (units and universities), divisional, district and all-army.
2) Direct participation in the conduct and organization of all-army military and all-Union civil competitions.
3) Management of the activities of the Experimental Military Sports Site of the Headquarters of the Red Army (OPPV).
4) Direct participation in the work of press organs in the management of special departments of physical education and sports, as well as as authors of articles, notes, etc.
E. Direct participation in the programmatic, methodological and organizational work of the following bodies:
1) Training Council [Red Army].
2) Inspections of individual branches of the Red Army troops.
3) Military sanitary department of the Red Army.
4) Central Psychophysiological Commission of the Armed Forces of the Red Army.
5) PUR (extracurricular work).
6) Legal and statistical department (statistical recording of physical training results).
7) Technical Committee of the VCU (supply of sports equipment).
8) Central Test Committee (equestrian sport).
9) Main physical training committee – sports and technical section, program and methodological section, propaganda section.
10) Academic department of the UVUZ (militarization issues).
11) The Supreme Council of Physical Culture - presidium, plenum, secretariat, editorial board, scientific and technical committee (presidium, plenum, program and methodological commission and sectors), ski commission, commission for work in the village.
12) The main scientific council is the program and methodological commission of Comrade Krupskaya, section of physical culture.
13) Central Committee of the RLKSM - military commission, pioneer commission.
14) Commission on work in the villages of the Central Committee of the RCP (b).
The practical implementation of measures for the militarization of the population requires long-term, planned scientific and organizational work spanning entire years in order to cover the entire thickness of the country's multi-million population.
The pace of development of work on the militarization of the population will depend, firstly, on the material capabilities of various regions of the Union, the network of huts and reading rooms, the availability of trained workers, the activity of the trade union, RLKSM, physical education and other public organizations, the bodies of the People's Commissariat for Education and from the interested participation of the working masses themselves in this work.
In order to direct public initiative in the appropriate direction so that it meets the requirements imposed by the construction of the Armed Forces of the Union on the basis of the militia-territorial system, a strictly worked out plan for the deployment of this work is needed, taking into account all its features, as well as material capabilities.
The work plan for the practical implementation of the militarization of civilian cultural and educational bodies and organizations should take into account:
1) The sequence of conducting relevant types of military training, depending on the tasks put forward by the country’s combat readiness. First of all, it should include shooting and physical training.
2) The volume of programs for certain groups of the population depending on age, order of completion military service, forms of organization that unite certain groups of the population (trade unions, RLKSM, pioneers, clubs, etc.).
3) The most living forms and methods of mass work for the militarization of the population, based on those tested by experience.
4) The sequence of equipping reading rooms and clubs with shooting ranges, sports grounds, military libraries, diagrams, posters, diagrams, educational instruments, manuals, etc. both in terms of raising funds for equipment, and the coverage of the area and the procedure for supplying rifles and ammunition. With local budgets still weak, the center of gravity of the equipment should be transferred to the state budget either in the form of subventions, or the inclusion of these costs in the state budget estimates. The coverage of areas should begin with factory and large-populated peasant areas.
5) The forms of apparatus that unite and direct this work, both in the center and locally, and the order of their deployment.
6) The need for workers and the procedure for their training.
7) Forms of management and accounting of work, both in the center and locally.
8) Delimitation of functions and determination of the relationship of the involved cultural and educational bodies and organizations with both the apparatus managing this work and the military authorities on the ground.
Drawing up a plan requires serious consideration of a number of issues included in this plan, as well as their coordination both within the bodies of the Military Department and with civilian bodies and organizations involved in the work of militarization.
At present, there is no clarity on the issue of centralization of this work. By order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR dated July 17, No. 738, the militarization of civilian cultural and educational bodies was entrusted to the Inspectorate, and in the political field - to the Political Directorate of the Red Army. At the same time, by the provisions of the VNO of the USSR, the militarization of the population is entrusted to this society.
Thus, to carry out the militarization of the population, there are three apparatuses in the center, not united by anyone, and the result is parallelism, the absence of a common plan for the deployment of work, coordination outside the Military Department of the same issues by different persons, etc.
Along with this, it should be noted that this matter is gaining more and more importance among the masses every day with the expansion of the network of military corners and circles both at clubs and at reading huts.
Such spontaneity and unplanned behavior in carrying out work of primary importance must be stopped at its roots by concentrating all issues related to the militarization of the population and coordinating them with the civilian bodies and organizations involved in this work in one central apparatus; the remaining apparatus of the Military Department, which are in contact with the work of militarization, should be entrusted with the study of individual issues of the production plan developed in the central apparatus for militarization.
Due to the fact that issues of physical culture are closely related to militarization, or rather, the first stage of militarization should be physical culture, and also taking into account the past and present work of the Inspectorate in this area, I consider it necessary to insist on retaining the Inspectorate as the central apparatus , all questions on militarization and physical training, with the assignment to it in the field of non-military training only of inspection functions*.
With regard to paramilitary and physical training apparatus in military districts, I consider it necessary, depending on local conditions increase them by 2-3 employees.
As for work in the field of non-military training, they, in the opinion of the Inspectorate, together with issues related to military construction as a whole, should be concentrated in one competent body, not burdened with other disparate functions.
In conclusion, I consider it necessary to point out that since the working apparatus at the center (headquarters), which began the work on territorial construction and led it, was the Central Directorate for Military Training of Workers, from which the Inspectorate was formed, which in the first period of its work retained a certain relationship with the territorial divisions, insofar as it was necessary, in order to ensure continuity and transfer of experience to the departments and departments to which control of the territorial divisions was transferred, a certain participation of the Inspectorate in further work on territorial construction. The task was to fully introduce the new organs into operation as quickly as possible.
The implementation of this task continued until recently, despite the fact that, according to the new regulation, the territorial divisions were included in the scope of the Inspectorate’s activities only in terms of physical training.
This work consisted of participation in the work of numerous commissions, joint development of various issues and others, as indicated in this report.
Currently, the organizational structure and tasks of the Inspectorate must be determined “seriously and for a long time,” since frequent, almost annual reorganizations do not make it possible to implement any solid plans, deprive workers of confidence in the correct assessment of their work and disorganize the local apparatus .
Inspector of non-military and physical training of the Red Army K. Mekhonoshin
RGVA. F. 33989. Op. 1. D. 7. L. 178-196. Script.
* This paragraph is highlighted in the text of the document in large case.
Notes:
Berkhin I.B. Military reform in the USSR 1924-1925. M., 1958.
Congresses of Soviets of the USSR in decrees and resolutions. M., 1939. P. 85.
The report was submitted to the RVS of the USSR (as indicated in the cover note), in pursuance of the resolution of the Presidium of the RVS of the USSR dated October 19, 1925 (protocol No. 2, paragraph 1), which read: “At one of the next meetings of the RVS, hear a report on the work of the Inspections non-military and physical training" (RGVA. F. 4. Op. 18. D. 10. L. & Original). - P. 450.
Order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR No. 143 of January 31, 1925 became fundamental in organizing the work on physical education of the Red Army. It said: “The success of applying police principles in the construction of the Red Army depends to a large extent on how successfully the task of organizing pre-conscription military training is resolved. Pre-conscription training itself cannot at all be considered as mere training in the basics of military affairs and the elimination of political illiteracy during a short training camp. One of its biggest tasks is to provide the Red Army with a physically prepared fighter, i.e. proactive and courageous, with a strong will and perseverance in achieving the goal; with an organism that is completely healthy, hardened, capable of strong, prolonged stress and rapid action, trained in a number of applied military skills, etc.” The order emphasized the main role in unifying and directing all work on physical education and improving the health of the population of physical culture councils created under the relevant local authorities - the executive committees of the councils. At the same time, there was insufficient attention to the work of physical culture councils on the part of military workers, often ignoring them. “Such phenomena,” the order noted, “should not occur in the future. They speak of an insufficient understanding of the basic principles currently being carried out in the Union of activities in the field of military development" (RGVA. F. 4, Op. 12. D. 48. L. 100 Typographic copy). - P. 453.
Order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR No. 151 of February 10, 1925 with “Regulations on the physical training committees of the Red Army” (RGVA. F. 4. Op. 3. D. 2580. L 107. Typographic copy). - P. 454.
“Instructions for determining the physical fitness of military units and military educational institutions of the Red Army” - announced by order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR No. 568 of May 29, 1925 (RGVA. F. 4. Op. 3. D. 2580. L. 431. Typographic copy. ). - P. 454.
After the victory of the October Revolution, the formation and development of a new proletarian system of physical education in the country and the army took place on the basis of what had already been achieved in this area in pre-revolutionary Russia. It should be noted that already at the beginning of the existence of the young Soviet republic, this process was intensified. This was caused primarily by the outbreak of the Civil War and the need to accelerate the preparation of reinforcements for the Red Army and the troops of the Cheka.
On April 8, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars issued a Decree on the creation of volost, district, provincial and district commissariats for military affairs, which were entrusted with the task of training reserves for the Red Army and organizing sports work among the local population. The Decree stated that military commissariats should organize gymnastics, sports and shooting societies. On April 20, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the Decree “On compulsory training in the art of war,” which introduced a system of military training for workers. It was carried out at military training centers of military registration and enlistment offices for 8 weeks (12 hours a week) without interruption from work.
To ensure the organization and management of general military training, the Main Directorate of General Military Training (Vsevobuch) was formed. A prominent party and military figure was appointed its chief Nikolai Ilyich Podvoisky(1880 1948). Departments and divisions were created at the military commissariats, and in the districts - departments of the Vsevobuch, which were involved in the organ and military training of workers, the construction of sports facilities, and created sports clubs. At the same time, special attention was paid to the training of pre-conscription conscripts. An integral part combat training youth had physical training, which included field gymnastics and bayonet fighting. The classes were conducted by instructors of pre-conscription training and sports, who were trained in courses specially created for this purpose. They were opened in Moscow, Petrograd, Perm, Nizhny Novgorod, Yekaterinburg, in more than 20 cities in total. In April 1919, the First All-Russian Congress on Physical Culture, Sports and Pre-Conscription Training was held in Moscow, which summed up the first results of the military and physical training of the population. The congress adopted "Regulations on pre-conscription training" , which provided further improvement maintaining the physical training of pre-conscripts and expanding its program through the use of various sports.
On May 25, 1919, in connection with the anniversary of Vsevobuch in Moscow, a parade of athletic soldiers took place on Red Square, which was hosted by V.I. Lenin. Welcoming the parade participants, he highly appreciated the activities of the Vsevobuch and Komsomol bodies. In total, more than 11 million people underwent military physical training during the Civil War.
On January 31, 1920, the Main Military School of Physical Education for the Workers of Vsevobuch opened in Moscow, which trained teachers and leaders with higher physical education for schools of Vsevobuch, GUVUZ and the Red Army. To strengthen the leadership of physical education work in the country, the Higher Council of Physical Culture (HSPC) was created in 1920 under the Pchavny Administration of Vsevobuch. The WSFK was not a government body. However, the presence in its composition of representatives of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), the RKSM, the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic (RVSR), the People's Commissar of Millet, the People's Commissariat of Health and other government bodies allowed the Council to unite the activities of all departments and institutions in the planned organization of pre-conscription training and physical development of the population. N.I. became the Chairman of the WSFK. Podvoisky.
At the beginning of 1922 it was approved "Regulations on sports centers of Vsevobuch". They were created under the local bodies of Vsevobuch to organize, in accordance with the unified state program, pre-conscription training of youth and physical education and sports work with the population in factories, factories, schools and other institutions. The centers were managed by the Soviets, which had their own administrative apparatus, the necessary staff of instructors and were centrally financed by Vsevobuch. About quantity and strength sports centers can be judged by the order of uniform issued to the districts in February 1922, received by Vsevobuch from the military department specifically for equipping the instructors of sports centers. The figure is an impressive 6600 sets. From February 12 to 19, 1922, the Main Directorate of Vsevobuch organized and held All-Russian competitions in Moscow "A week winter sports" , in which national teams of district departments, as well as the country's strongest athletes, participated. 250 athletes from 35 cities took to the start of competitions in skiing, skating, hockey, boxing, wrestling and weight lifting. Weightlifters A. Bukharov and J. Sparre, speed skaters J. Melnikov, brothers V. and P. Ippolitov, G. Kushin and other famous athletes performed successfully in the competitions.
Since 1920, the General Directorate of Vsevobuch was entrusted with general management of physical training in the Red Army. An educational and sports department is being created within it, which is engaged in the preparation of regulatory documents on the organization of physical training in the troops. In January 1922, the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic S. Kamenev instructs Vsevobuch to develop "Guide physical development Red Army".
On October 2, 1922, he signed the draft order prepared by Vsevobuch on his instructions, which laid the foundations of the army system of physical training and sports. Here are some excerpts from this order; “The need for physical education of troops through broad and systematic training in gymnastics, athletics, sports and games has been irrefutably proven both by peacetime experience and even more so by the experience of past world and civil wars... All command personnel must internalize the idea that physical education there is a part of a fighter’s training no less important than drill training or literacy... Because of this:
1. Using all possible means, actually and steadily conduct sports and gymnastics in the troops, starting with ... swimming, football, skiing, etc., and pay special attention to those types of physical exercises that are more consistent with the conditions of service in a given kind of troops.
2. Compulsory physical education classes ... should be replenished and diversified with club classes in athletics, games, shooting sports and so on…
3. Establish... periodic sports and gymnastic performances and competitions both within military units and between teams of individual units and higher military formations.
4. Maintain close contact in work with Vsevobuch, which is responsible for providing the Red Army with all possible assistance, both in the sense of allocating the necessary instructor forces, and in relation to the organization of club and other classes.
On December 19, 1922, an order of the RVSR was issued, announcing "Regulations on physical culture circles in the clubs of the Red Army and Navy". In accordance with this Regulation, signed by the Chief Head of Vsevobuch N.I. Podvoisky, the physical culture circle was established at the club of the military unit and had a governing body - the Presidium. Any Red Army soldier and commander of a given unit could become a member of the circle. The purpose of physical education clubs was to organize additional extracurricular activities and training for military personnel in various types of physical exercises and sports, as well as their active leisure. The circles were supposed to equip places for physical education, organize training in various sports, competitions and holidays, promote physical culture, etc. Each circle could have a distinctive name, an independent sports uniform and icon. In fact, such circles were small sports organizations (societies). Physical education clubs in the army are the latest initiative of Vsevobuch. His days were already numbered. At the beginning of 1923, in connection with the end of the Civil War, the liquidation of this department began.
In February 1923, his new Chief Officer instead of N.I. Podvoisky is appointed K.A. Mekhonoshin, and the Main Directorate of Vsevobuch itself is included in the Red Army Headquarters. Then it is reorganized, after which it ceases to exist altogether. Nevertheless, the work done by Vsevobuch to develop the physical education movement in the country and the army deserves the highest praise. Many of his not fully realized undertakings and ideas were subsequently successfully applied in the creation of the Dynamo sports society, which will be discussed below.
In 1922, taking into account the study of the experience of the Civil War, the Red Army Physical Training Program was developed. It defined the tasks of physical training and the forms of its implementation: training sessions, sports work (extracurricular activities) and physical training in combat and tactical training. Since 1923, the Red Army began to conduct mandatory daily morning physical exercise, performed for 10-15 minutes. The main guiding documents on physical training at this time were the Manual for training ski units published back in 1919 and additions to the Combat Infantry Regulations of the Red Army entitled “Training in Bayonet Combat.”
And only in 1924 the manual “Physical training of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army and pre-conscription youth” was introduced. It outlined the purpose, objectives, means, forms, methods and other issues of organizing physical training. This testified to the creation of the foundations of the physical training system of the Red Army. Physical training is beginning to become an independent type of combat training. In these and subsequent years, the physical training system in the internal troops was not much different from the army. This is due to the fact that the internal troops were guided by the same Physical Training Manual as the Red Army. The training programs for personnel in physical exercises were identical in content. In October 1922, by order of the Deputy Chairman of the GPU I.S. Unshlikht, programs and calculation of training hours for Red Army soldiers in units of the GPU troops are announced. In the explanatory note to the program in the section “Drill training and gymnastics” it was written: “This section of training is carried out throughout the entire course and consists of drill training, gymnastics on machines (projectiles. - Author’s note), freestyle movements, sports and bayonet training. combat. Pay special attention to single training...
Perform gymnastic exercises daily for at least half an hour, alternating floor exercises with sports and machine gymnastics, thereby striving for the gradual development of the body. Sports activity should consist of the following: running, overcoming various obstacles, throwing hand grenades (blanks), discs, pole vaulting and cross-country skiing, where possible. When learning bayonet fighting, action with a bayonet (splitting stuffed animals and bayonet fighting) should serve as a means to develop flexibility and strength of the hands, as well as the eye.”
Sports work in units of the GPU troops was carried out mainly in the form of circle classes in Red Army clubs. From the monthly written reports of the political secretariat of the Moscow district to the political department of the troops of the GPU of the Republic, it is clear that sports work was dominated mainly by football, which, on the one hand, was very popular with the Red Army, on the other hand, did not require large material costs. The development of other sports was hampered by the lack of equipped places for training, sports equipment and forms, as well as instructors for conducting sports activities. The requirements of the order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic dated August 16, 1922, which stated: “Sports and gymnastics, as a necessary part of the training of a fighter, are now being introduced into the compulsory training course for troops.
As a first measure in this direction, the heads of units and military educational institutions of the Red Army should immediately begin training command staff, Red Army soldiers and cadets in football (foot ball), as sports game, which best meets the objectives of military physical education, by organizing this game: 1) as a compulsory subject of classes among the hours allocated for physical exercise, and 2) as a club, entertaining activity during off-duty hours. ... General management and control over the conduct of football in the Red Army is entrusted to the Main Directorate of General Military Training."
A.I. Mikhalev “Strong in body - strong in spirit”
