Athletes
Diagnostics of the functional state of athletes is one of the main links in the correction of the training process and optimization of the entire system many years of preparation volleyball and basketball players of the highest ranks. Unfortunately, at present in many sports there are not enough methods of functional research that combine high predictive value, informativeness and portability.
The system of complex assessment of the functional state of athletes is based on a system-structural approach and ideas about sports activities as a complex hierarchical, multi-level, dynamic structure. The lowest level of such a structure (“micro level”) is the athlete himself, whose performance is determined by a number of subjective factors. Among the subjective factors that determine the success of the competitive activity of athletes, one should, first of all, include the functional state of the physiological mechanisms of sports activity, by which we mean morphological structures and physiological processes that provide the collection, analysis, storage and reproduction of information necessary to achieve the optimal result of sports activity. activities.
Physiological mechanisms of sports activity (PMSD), being an integrative unit of the integrity of the body's activity, can in turn be decomposed into a number of constituent elements, the interaction of which is provided by a variety of rigid and flexible direct and feedback connections. The block diagram of the key elements of the FMSD includes a functional block for receiving, analyzing, storing and reproducing information; functional block of control and regulation of sports activity, which also determines the level of the general functional activity of the organism; a functional block for the implementation of the information received (musculoskeletal system) and a block for the general functional support of sports activities (a block for vegetative and energy supply), including, first of all, the cardiorespiratory system and the blood system, which ultimately limit the adaptive capabilities of athletes to physical activity (R. M. Baevsky, 1970; N. D. Graevskaya, 1975; A. N. Vorobyov, 1977; V. L. Karpman, S. V. Khrushchev, Yu. A. Borisov, 1978; V. A. Shestakov, 1982) .
Thus, an objective current or staged assessment of the functional state of athletes should include at least four batteries of tests or methods that characterize the functions of the above key elements of the FMSD, while the specific significance of the research results for each functional block will be determined by sports specialization and individual characteristics of athletes. In particular, in game types sports, the functional stress of athletes is due not only to significant energy expenditure, but also to a large information load, which requires special attention to the state of sensory and regulatory systems in the process of current and staged control.
For the effective gaming activity of highly qualified athletes, extremely fast, highly coordinated and precise movements are required, the implementation of which is largely associated with the individual characteristics of the reception and analysis of visual and proprioceptive information and the development of a sense of time in athletes.
In the process of staged control, the most significant differences between highly qualified volleyball players (masters of sports) and first-class volleyball players were observed in such indicators as RDO, sense of time and choice reaction time. So, for example, if we take the amount of errors in RDO among highly qualified volleyball players as 100%, then the amount of errors in first-class volleyball players was 212%, and the sense of time, respectively, was 183%. determining the reaction time of choice.
In experiments with determining the throughput of the visual-motor system, it turned out that this indicator was also slightly higher for volleyball players of masters of sports, but this difference was 9% (masters of sports 3.29 bps, first-class players - 3.03 bps). At the same time, this indicator turned out to be quite informative in the process of current control. In particular, the capacity of the visual-motor system under the influence of training or competitive activity decreases in volleyball players of different qualifications, and the degree of reduction is directly dependent on the degree of fatigue of athletes.
The functional state of the motor analyzer can be assessed by two indicators: the ability to reproduce a given range of motion and the ability to differentiate muscle efforts. Volleyball players of different qualifications do not differ significantly in these indicators. At the same time, the accuracy of reproduction of muscle efforts and amplitude of movements in the process of stage and current control quite objectively reflect the functional state of the motor analyzer of volleyball players. For the current assessment of the functional state of the motor analyzer, the method of vibrotestometry can also be used. As you know, vibration sensitivity is a complex indicator that includes skin and proprioceptive sensitivity (J. Somyen, 1975). A certain relationship is found between the level of vibration sensitivity and the level of training and competitive loads, intense physical activity leads to a significant drop in vibration sensitivity.
Important for a comprehensive assessment of the functional state of athletes is the study of the state of neurophysiological apparatus for managing sports activities, associated with the processing of the received sensory information, making appropriate decisions, developing motor programs and monitoring their implementation, provided the most effective interaction of the vegetative sphere and the athlete's motor system.
For a general assessment of the functional state of the control systems of the brain, the method of determining the level of mental performance of an athlete can be used. This method quite fully reflects the dynamics of the functional state of the control systems of the central nervous system of volleyball players in the process of individual training sessions and at different periods of the macrocycle. To determine the level of mental performance, both simple research methods (correction method, tests) and complex physiological methods can be used. In particular, electroencephalography (S. A. Masalskaya, 1983) or the method of recording slow electrical potentials of the brain (MEP), which most objectively reflect the state of the higher control systems of the brain. These sciences allow us to confirm the assumption about the adequate use of the MEP dynamics for the analyzer of the reserve and optimizing role of non-specific brain systems and general neurophysiological changes in the formation of “specific systems for providing sports gaming activity.
When determining the level of mental performance of volleyball players of different qualifications, it turned out that first-class volleyball players had more low level mental performance in comparison with the masters of sports, their ability to differentiate stimuli turned out to be lower by 145%.
The mobility of nervous processes in highly qualified volleyball players is also higher - in volleyball players-masters of sports this indicator is 1.03, and in first-class women - 0.89.
The functional state of the musculoskeletal system of volleyball and basketball players, due to the peculiarities of playing activity, must be determined in the process of special pedagogical testing. At the same time, to determine the general functional state of the musculoskeletal system of athletes, traditional research methods can also be used: dynamometry, electro- and seismotonography, especially in the process of staged control. According to scientific studies, the strength of the hands of the right and left hands in volleyball players-masters of sports was 42.5 and 40.9 kg, respectively, in first-class volleyball players - 40.4 and 35.9 kg, in girls who are not involved in sports - 32.8 and 28.7 kg. It is interesting that the asymmetry between the right and left hand of the masters of sports was 1.6 kg, for the first-class women - 4.5 and for those not involved in sports - 4.1. The dynamics of this ratio at different stages of preparation changed according to the general functional state. With the improvement of training, the asymmetry in the strength of the right and left hands decreased.
The functional optimum of FMSD is provided to a large extent by the state of vegetative functions and energy supply. The cardiorespiratory system is of particular importance. One of the most important integrative indicators of the functional state of the cardiorespiratory system is the level of nonspecific performance and the athlete's BMD.
Thus, the system of complex assessment of the functional state of athletes developed by us provides an objective description of the state of all four functional blocks of the FMSD: the block for receiving and analyzing information, managing sports activities, the musculoskeletal system and the block for the general energy supply of sports activities.
4.2. Methods for assessing the functional state of the athlete's sensory systems
Earlier we noted that the ring structure of sports activity (see 4.1.) includes; first of all, physiological systems afferent synthesis, i.e. Reception and processing of information, on the basis of which decisions are made and motor programs of actions are formed that contribute to the achievement of an optimal sports result.
The morpho-functional basis of the 1st block (reception, analysis, storage and reproduction of information) is a system of analyzers or sense organs (sensory system). There are visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory and tactile analyzers. In addition, there are motor or kinesthetic (which analyzes stimuli from muscles and joints - proprioception), vestibular and interoceptive analyzers (Icteroceptive analyzer provides analysis of stimuli from internal organs).
Visual, motor and vestibular analyzers are of particular importance for playing sports activities. Some simple methods for assessing the functional state of these analyzers are described by us below.
visual analyzer in athletes in the process
medical and pedagogical control
The bandwidth of the visual analyzer is one of the most important psychophysiological indicators of a person, which largely determines the success of all types of his mental activity, including sports. In modern scientific and methodological literature, there is also another term - the speed of information processing in the visual analyzer, which is a synonym.
The capacity of the visual analyzer is understood as its ability to receive a certain amount of information in units. time. Usually this indicator is measured in bits and sec (bps), (a bit is a unit of information, its quantitative unit of measurement). The volume of the field of view is important for the throughput of the visual analyzer. There is a direct relationship between the bandwidth and the field of view, since the volume of visual perception largely depends on the volume of the field of view (B. G. Ananiev, 1961).
In sports practice, in the process of medical and pedagogical control, determining the throughput of the visual analyzer in athletes is important, as it is an integrative indicator that reflects the general functional state of the visual analyzer. This is especially necessary in those sports in which the visual sensory system of athletes is under heavy load. In particular, in sports games and martial arts. In this regard, the study by the trainer simple methods studies of the throughput of the visual analyzer and their application in sports practice is necessary condition optimization of the educational and training process and the most complete solution of the principle of individualization of training and competitive loads.
Among the simple methods for studying the throughput of the visual analyzer, which can be recommended in sports practice, the correction test method should be noted. In particular, V. Ya. Anfimov's letter correction tables can be used to carry out a correction test (Fig. 1). Each table consists of 8 letters: A, B, E, I, K, H, C, X, occurring with equal probability - 1/8. In total, the table contains 1600 letters.
The sequence of letters in the correction table should be considered as a sequence of signals of a certain statistical structure and containing a certain amount of information. Leaving aside the semantic significance of letters, this amount of information can be calculated using the mathematical justification for proof tables with rings (A. A. Genkin, V. I. Medvedev, M. P. Shik, 1963). According to these calculations, each letter will contain 0.5436 bits. Unit or bit, and the whole table is 0.5436 X 1600 = 869.76 bits. If we now determine the number of letters viewed by the subject during a certain time, then we can calculate the throughput of the visual analyzer using the formula (A. A. Genkina, V. I. Medvedev, M. P. Shik, 1963).
PS = 0.5436N-2.807n,
where N is the number of scanned letters;
n is the number of errors;
T is the time required to complete the task (in seconds);
PS is the bandwidth of the visual analyzer.
The goal is to master the method of correction test to study the throughput of the visual analyzer in athletes in the process of current and staged medical and pedagogical control.
Work tasks:
1. In the process of self-observation, conduct a correction test using letter correction tables.
2. Master the methods of calculating correction tables.
3. Calculate the throughput of the visual analyzer and enter the data obtained into the protocol of experiments according to the following scheme: protocol of experiments No., date, purpose of the work, full name. subject, date of birth, sports experience, sports qualification, sports specialization, research results.
Progress.
To determine the throughput of the visual analyzer using correction tables, there are two methods:
Record the time it takes to view the entire table,
Dose the task on time.
The last technique is the most convenient, since it allows you to simultaneously examine a large group of subjects (class, section, team, etc.).
The course of the experiment is as follows: the teacher gives the task to look through the table from left to right (like a book), find and cross out one of the letters. For example, the letter "A".
Work begins on the command "March" (at the same time the stopwatch is turned on), after 2 or 4 minutes the command "Stop!" and the subjects tick off the place where they stopped.
Completed tables are analyzed. First, the number of all scanned letters is counted, including those that were not crossed out (“N”). Then errors are counted, which include:
Skip the whole line (one error);
Missing a letter that needed to be crossed out;
Crossing out the letter that needed to be skipped;
Correction of already crossed out letters.
It should be noted that in the vast majority of cases, the subjects allow the letter to be crossed out (the omission of the useful signal), more rarely, the entire line is omitted.
Further, using the above formula, the throughput of the visual analyzer is calculated. On average, in a healthy adult, it ranges from 2-4 bits / sec. Its value depends on the functional state of a person, age, gender, and other factors (Table 5).
Thus, with the help of letter correction tables, it is possible to relatively accurately quantify the throughput of the human visual analyzer. This method is simple, takes a little time (2-4 minutes) and can be used in a natural and laboratory experiment simultaneously when examining a large group of subjects.
Finally, with the help of alphabetic correction tables, using special calculation methods, it is possible to measure the level of mental performance, the mobility of nervous processes and the state of differentiated inhibition in parallel with determining the PS of the visual analyzer (M. V. Antropova, 1968; G. N. Serdyukovskaya, S. M. Trombakh, 1975; Yu. A. Ermolaev, 1979; etc.).
It is possible to use several forms of application of the method described above in the process of medical and pedagogical control: 1) study of the PS of the visual analyzer directly at training sessions or competitions; 2) research before and after training or competition; 3) study before training (competition) and after, in the process of recovery (after 20-30 minutes, 4-6 hours, 24 and 48 hours); 4) research on the day of training (competitions) in the morning and in the evening; 5) research at the beginning and end of the microcycle or during the microcycle; 6) research in separate periods of the macrocycle.
By evaluating the PS indicators of the visual analyzer before and after training or competitive loads, it is possible to determine the degree of impact of these loads in combination with other indicators, to give an objective assessment of the athlete's functional state and the level of his training.
The form of medical examinations are medical examinations, which are divided into primary, repeated and additional.
During the initial examination, the doctor decides two main questions: is it possible for a given person to engage in physical exercises and, if possible, what kind and to what extent. When allowing sports, the doctor should recommend a sport, taking into account, on the one hand, morphological and functional features of the person under study, on the other hand, the requirements imposed by this or that sport on the athlete's body.
Repeated medical examination, carried out according to the plan, systematically at certain intervals, is the essence of dispensary observation. The main task of repeated examinations is to determine the impact of physical exercises on the body.
An additional medical examination is an unscheduled examination, mandatory after an illness or a long absence of training for any other reason (in these cases, the coach or teacher does not have the right to allow classes and training without the doctor's permission). Additional examinations also include a medical examination before the competition, since without a medical opinion an athlete is not allowed to compete.
To solve all these issues, a sports doctor has a number of research methods, which are divided into subjective and objective. Subjective methods include a survey, or anamnesis, which is divided into a general life history and a sports history. Objective methods include a number of anthropometric measurements that allow assessing the physical development of the person under study.
After the interview and then anthropometric measurements, the doctor proceeds directly to the medical examination, which begins with an external examination of the subject, then palpation (feeling), percussion (tapping) and auscultation (listening) are used. These research methods are also objective and, despite the widespread and now increasing use of complex instrumental research methods, have not lost their significance. They are indispensable for any medical examination.
During palpation, the doctor determines by touch the elasticity, moisture and other qualities of the skin, pulse rate, heartbeat, the state of the lymph glands in various parts of the body, the presence or absence of an enlarged liver and spleen, the condition of muscles, bones, joints, etc.
Perk u s s and i allows for the nature and intensity of the sound that occurs when a finger of one hand is tapped on a finger of the other hand, superimposed on a particular part of the body ( chest, abdominal cavity, etc.), determine what is under the finger - a dense body, liquid or air, on which the change in the nature of the sound depends. For example, when tapping on the surface of the chest over a healthy lung, there is a clear sound; if the sound is dull (as when tapping on the surface of the thigh), then there is a seal in the lung itself or there is a dense body under the finger, in particular the heart. This allows the doctor to determine the boundaries of the heart without resorting to x-rays.
Auscultation allows you to listen directly with the ear or with a special device (stethoscope, phonendoscope) applied to one or another point of the body, the sounds that occur in the internal organs during their function (tones and noises when listening to the heart, respiratory noises and wheezing when listening to the lungs, etc.) .
Such a medical examination allows the doctor to get a fairly complete picture of the state of health of the person being examined and make a preliminary diagnosis. To clarify, verify and deepen the data obtained during such a study and the diagnosis made, first of all, auxiliary, instrumental research methods, which are also called objective methods, are used. These include simple ones (devices for measuring blood pressure, spirometer, dynamometer, etc.), and complex (X-ray machine, electro-, phono- and vectorcardiographs, mechanocardiograph, spirograph, nitrogenograph, etc.) methods.
The desire to achieve maximum objectivity in medical examinations has led to the creation of devices with which you can directly see the internal organs and cavities. human body and determine by eye possible changes in them.
An ophthalmoscope was created to monitor the condition of the fundus, a laryngoscope behind the larynx, a gastroscope for the stomach, a cystoscope for the bladder, a bronchoscope for the bronchi, etc.
Finally, the doctor necessarily directs the subject to various laboratory studies, i.e. biochemical and microscopic analyzes of various secretions (urine, feces, sputum, sweat, saliva, gastric juice, bile, etc.), as well as to the study of blood - morphological and biochemical its composition - and other studies, depending on special medical indications. These are also objective research methods.
For a more complete and comprehensive study, a sports doctor-dispensary, who should be a therapist by profession, i.e. a specialist in diseases of internal organs, widely uses the advice of various specialists - a surgeon, a neuropathologist, a laryngologist, an oculist, a gynecologist, etc.
Summing up all the data obtained in relation to the examined person, the doctor receives a final idea of his state of health and physical development.
However, all these data obtained at rest cannot always help answer the question about the state of the function of human systems and organs, a question that is of great importance, in particular for those involved in physical culture and sports. To do this, it is necessary to study and evaluate the reaction (an action is an action, a reaction is a response action) of the body, its systems and organs to any impact, any factor.
The definition and evaluation of the functional state of organs and systems of the body as a whole is called functional diagnostics.
Expanding the possibilities of functional diagnostics in sports medicine is becoming more and more necessary. This is required, on the one hand, by the growth of sports achievements, in which the correct assessment of the functional state of the athlete's body becomes more and more complicated, on the other hand, by the importance of determining the optimal dose of physical activity for a given person, i.e. its maximum individualization.
The study of the functional state of systems and organs is carried out by using the so-called functional tests.
With a functional test, the reactions of organs and systems to the influence of any factor are studied. The choice of one or another factor depends on the tasks set for the functional study. However prerequisite there should be a possibility of its strict dosing. Only under this condition is it possible to compare the reaction of the same person in a different functional state or in different people. It is quite obvious that, by applying different doses of exposure, it is possible to obtain, for example, the same reaction in persons with different functional states, and in this case, its assessment, of course, will not be objective.
For any functional test, first determine the initial data of the studied parameters characterizing the system or organ at rest, then the data of these parameters immediately after exposure to one or another dosed factor, and finally, the time of their return to the initial level. The latter allows you to determine the duration and nature of the recovery period.
It is extremely important to know about the change in a number of functional indicators (for example, pulse and respiration rate, electrocardiogram, etc.) directly during exercise. This has now become possible thanks to the use of the telemetry method, which is being improved more and more. Designed in last years light portable sensors that do not restrict the movements of the athlete, and sufficiently reliable receiving devices make this method of studying the function very promising.
Most often in functional diagnostics, a functional test is used in the form of physical activity of varying intensity. It is accurately dosed by special devices - various ergometers, among which the bicycle ergometer is most widely used. The dosing of physical activity without a bicycle ergometer is widely used (although it is less accurate): running in place, squats, walking up stairs, climbing and descending onto a stool of a certain height (step test), etc. All these loads are dosed both at a certain pace and and the duration of their implementation (for example, running for 2 minutes at a pace of 180 steps in 1 minute, etc.).
In addition to physical activity, other tests are used in functional diagnostics. These include samples with a change in the external environment, pharmacological, food, etc.
Among the tests with a change in the external environment, the main group consists of the so-called respiratory tests - holding the breath on inhalation and exhalation, inhalation of gas mixtures with different percentage oxygen (lowered to 10-16% or increased to 100%) or carbon dioxide, as well as temperature tests (for example, cold and thermal), etc.
Pharmacological functional tests include the introduction into the body of various chemicals in doses that are harmless to it, but which give certain reactions that differ depending on the functional state of the body.
Food tests consist in the study of the reaction to the introduction of a certain amount of various nutrients, liquids, etc.
Other tests include orthostatic and clinostatic tests to assess vegetative nervous system according to the reaction of the pulse to a change in the position of the body in space (the method of conducting these tests.
It should be borne in mind that it is impossible to correctly assess the functional state of the athlete's body by examining only one functional indicator. A comprehensive study of the functional state of the organism is necessary, including a number of indicators characterizing various aspects of the function of the organism as a whole or of its individual organs and systems. However, the complex in a functional study should not always be standard, the same. The inclusion of certain indicators in a comprehensive study is determined by the tasks that a doctor or trainer sets in each case when studying the functional state of a particular person. This means that with each new functional study, the set of indicators may change if the research objectives change, or remain the same if the objectives do not change.
Changes in indicators are usually studied of cardio-vascular system(pulse, blood pressure, electrocardiogram, etc.), respiratory systems s (respiratory rate and volume, oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide release, etc.), digestive and urinary systems (gastric juice, feces, urine, etc.), blood systems (the number of red blood cells, the number and nature of white blood cells, blood biochemical parameters, etc. .p.), etc.
Since in the human body it is sometimes impossible to separate the function of one system from the function of another, since they are closely interconnected and mutually compensate for each other (for example, the circulatory and respiratory systems), such tests are also used that examine the combined function of two or more body systems . Such tests include, for example, the determination of the maximum oxygen uptake and a number of others.
Functional tests are divided into specific and non-specific. Specific (adequate) are called such functional tests, the influence factor in which are the movements characteristic of a particular sport. For example, for a boxer, such a test will be shadow boxing, for a rower - work in a rowing machine, etc. Non-specific (inadequate) tests include tests that use movements that are to some extent characteristic of all sports, for example, running on the spot , squats, step test, etc. Non-specific tests allow, to a certain extent, to judge the general physical fitness and are conducted without much regard for specialization (mostly these are tests that include running in place or squats).
In addition, functional trials can be simultaneous, when one factor of influence is used (for example, 20 squats, or 60 jumps, or 2-3 minutes running in place at a pace of 180 steps per 1 minute), two-stage - when there are two of them, and combined - when there are more than two of them. The latter type includes the widespread Letunov test, which includes three options for physical activity.
The first is to perform 20 squats, after which for
3 min. pulse and blood pressure and other indicators are measured; the second - a load in the form of running in place at a maximum pace for 15 seconds, after which the subject is observed for
4 min.; the third option is a 3-minute run in place at a pace of 180 steps per 1 minute. followed by observation for 5 minutes. In this test, 20 squats serve as a warm-up for subsequent loads.
Changes in heart rate and blood pressure after a 15-second run at a maximum pace reflect the adaptation of the athlete's cardiovascular system to a high-speed load, and after a 3-minute run - to an endurance load.
Very important in functional tests with physical activity is the quality of their performance and dosage according to the pace of the movements. The test with 20 squats must be done in 30 seconds, and it is necessary that the squats are deep. With each of them, the arms are stretched forward, when standing up, they fall. Test with running in place at a pace of 180 steps per 1 minute. carried out under a metronome with the hip flexed by 70°, the lower leg - until an angle with the thigh equal to 45-50° is formed, with free movements of the arms bent in elbow joints just like normal running.
The question arises, where is it more expedient to study the functional state of an athlete's body: directly at the places of training and competitions or in a doctor's office, in laboratory conditions, where even a specific functional test is only an imitation of sports activity?
Of course, the study of the impact of direct sports activities on the body of an athlete is of great importance. Therefore, in sports medicine, a lot of attention is paid to medical and pedagogical observations (see Chapter 9), on the basis of which the coach, teacher and doctor draw essential conclusions.
However, such studies, for all their value, also have negative aspects. The fact is that under these conditions, a very limited number of research methods for which portable equipment exists can be used.
As for functional research in the laboratory, although there sports activity imitating or applying a non-specific load, the range of possibilities for a comprehensive comprehensive study is much wider, since complex stationary equipment can be used.
Thus, functional diagnostics in sports medicine should be carried out both in the laboratory and directly at the places of training and competition. This combination allows you to most accurately determine the functional state of the athlete's body, which is after determining the state of health and physical development one of the main tasks of a sports doctor.
When studying the reaction of the body to a particular effect, one should pay attention to the degree of change in the determined indicators compared to the initial data and, which is very important, the duration of the return of these indicators to the initial data. A correct assessment of the degree of reaction and the duration of recovery allows you to accurately assess the state of the function of the subject.
When choosing the indicators used in the study, one must proceed from the fact that some of them characterize the functional capabilities, and some - the functional abilities of the athlete's body. It is necessary to distinguish between these different concepts - capabilities and abilities. For example, high growth is an indicator of the functionality for playing basketball. However, in order to use this opportunity, a long training is required, as a result of which the functional ability turns into a functional ability.
In other words, functionality is a static concept, while functionality is a dynamic concept; functional abilities are the ability to use their capabilities, which is achieved in the process of training. Of course, the higher the functional capabilities of an organism, the higher its potential functional abilities. However, it is not always possible to teach an athlete to fully use their functionality.
Therefore, for example, a basketball player who is smaller than his teammate may be superior in skill.
The doctor helps the coach in assessing the capabilities and abilities of the athlete, indicates in which case it is possible to increase his capabilities, and in which he should immediately start teaching how to use these capabilities.
Determining the state of health, the doctor simultaneously diagnoses pre-pathological conditions and pathological changes, takes measures for their treatment and develops ways to prevent diseases. The earlier deviations in the state of health are detected, the more effective their treatment will be.
Early and accurate diagnosis is associated with continuous improvement of functional diagnostic methods.
Every year, the arsenal of methods that a sports doctor has at his disposal in the study of various systems and organs of an athlete is expanding. For example, in the study of the cardiovascular system, the method of determining the contractile function of the myocardium, vectorcardiography, etc., began to be used.
The method of oximetry is becoming more and more widespread. Using this method, which allows bloodless, long-term and continuous determination of changes in arterial oxygen saturation, it is possible to accurately and quickly study a number of important indicators of respiratory and circulatory functions. It also makes it possible to significantly objectify the widely used breath-holding test.
Sports medicine deals with the study of athletes mainly of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, since it does not yet have methods for quickly and accurately studying the functions of the endocrine, digestive and other important systems and organs (the so-called express methods). Therefore, the functions of these systems are studied so far mainly in specialized institutions - institutes, clinics, etc. However, a lot of research work is being carried out in this direction, and the time is not far off when the athlete's body will be comprehensively examined in an ordinary doctor's office or at training sites. and competitions.
The result of multilateral training is sports readiness, or, as they say, fitness. This condition is characterized by increased performance, especially in those exercises in which the athlete trained.
Fitness, from the point of view of physiology, is acquired through the remarkable ability of all living things to change and improve under the influence of the corresponding influences of the external world. “Work builds the organ,” say physiologists. Such plasticity of the organism allows, by applying physical exercise, develop and strengthen its organs and systems, improve their activities, improve performance in general.
On this basis, muscle increases, the speed of movements increases, endurance is acquired, mobility in the joints improves.
The fitness of an athlete is also increased by acquiring motor skills and improving the ability to perform the most complex movements. sports equipment. The conditioned reflex nature of the formation of motor skills explains the enormous possibilities in the technical improvement of an athlete.
Finally, the preparedness of an athlete is significantly increased by improving his ability to show strong-willed qualities, to be a brave and cold-blooded fighter. The data of psychology and physiology speak of the enormous hidden forces of a person, the path to the disclosure of which lies through the improvement of his mental sphere.
The main indicator of the level of training of an athlete are sports results. However, external conditions (weather, ground conditions, nature of competitions, etc.) must be taken into account.
Based on the results of the competition and estimates, one can judge more about the general level of fitness and less about individual aspects of the athlete's preparedness. At present, in the process of year-round training, control exercises for general and special training are used to determine individual aspects of preparedness. physical training and by technical training.
The level of general physical fitness is controlled by exercises for speed, strength, endurance, flexibility and agility. Exercises are selected taking into account the age of the athletes and the degree of their preparedness.
Each sport has its own control exercises for special physical training. They determine the speed, endurance and flexibility in relation to this sport. For example, the shot putter measures his strength by pushing the barbell, his speed by running 30 meters, his jumping ability by standing long jump. Observations make it possible to judge the shortcomings in the technique of the athlete's movements and his tactics. It is better if the analysis of technique and tactics is carried out on the basis of films and records of the course of the competition. A large role in this belongs to the hardware methods of urgent information.
An example control exercises for technical training can serve: the number of hits by the ball in the ring for basketball players or in the target for football players, the accuracy of movements during execution sports exercise and so on.
Since the state of an athlete's fitness is organically related to his health and performance, important indicators are the data of medical control (functional tests, fluoroscopy, cardiography, blood analysis, urinalysis, etc.), which are used to judge the state of health, the performance and functional changes of individual organs and systems.
To assess fitness, self-control data play an important role - systematic monitoring of one's weight, changes in the circumference of the legs, hips, shoulders, pulse rate, sleep quality, appetite, and general well-being.
Of course, the observations of a teacher or coach of an athlete are of great importance.
The data of medical control, self-control, the results of competitions and the performance of individual exercises, as well as other indicators, allow you to deeply analyze the state of the trainee, control the course of his training, make the necessary amendments to it, help improve health, provide correct and effective guidance training process, a high increase in fitness, and hence an increase in sports results.
Depending on the correctness, systematicity, duration and intensity of the training process, as well as on compliance hygienic regime and other conditions, the fitness of an athlete may be greater or less.
The state of readiness for competition is often called sports. This conditional term is equivalent to preparedness. However, you need to know that the state of the central nervous system plays the main role in the manifestation of fitness. The significance of competitions, the conditions for their conduct and other environmental influences largely determine the state of the central nervous system, in connection with which sports results can be improved or worsened.
Usually, in the pre-start days, the athlete's nervous excitability increases, reaching an optimally high level on the day of the competition and sharply decreasing after it. The performance also fluctuates. Consequently, against the background of gradually increasing fitness, an athlete shows all his strengths and capabilities only on competition days. So it turns out that " sports uniform”, or more precisely, “combat readiness”, is created for each competition in which an athlete wants to perform well.
From this it is clear that the level of preparedness and sporting achievement match up. The discrepancy may be under adverse external conditions, for example, in bad weather, unsuccessful selection ski wax, broken track, etc.
Fitness can and should gradually improve over even a very long time, providing the athlete with his high moral and volitional qualities, with strict observance of the hygienic regime, with the correct alternation of training sessions and days of rest, all the best sports achievements.
At proper training this preparedness should increase from year to year, slightly decreasing during the transition period due to the cessation or reduction for some time of training in the chosen sport.
Training increases every year up to a certain age. However, precise age limits cannot be established. Here, the individual characteristics of the athlete and the social conditions of life play a very important role. One can only say that a person achieves the greatest opportunities for sports flourishing: in sports that require art in movements performed without special power stress ( figure skating, diving and skiing), at 17-25 years old, and with significant manifestations of strength (gymnastics) - at 23-28 years old; in sports that require predominantly speed of movement (sprint) - at 22-24 years old, and where “explosive” strength is needed (jumping, throwing) - at 22-28 years old; in sports that require endurance in work of short duration (middle distances) - at 23-26 years old, and in long-term exercises, as in the case of maximum strength, at 25-30 years old.
If an athlete creates the “foundation” of future specialization from a young age, then he “flourishes” in sports earlier. With a belated start to sports specialization, the greatest success comes later. In addition, passport age often diverges from physiological age.
Reached highest level training can be maintained for several years, of course, subject to all the rules of training. And in subsequent years, despite the decline in sports results, the athlete must continue training.
In our country, sports longevity is natural, which ensures the preservation of health and performance for many years.
Assessment of the health status of an athlete.
1. Medical history.
2. Sports history.
Sports experience, number of competitions (games), number of injuries, physical condition.
3. Questions to be asked to the athlete:
Family history, athlete complaints
4. Physical examination:
Cardiology
Respiratory
gastric
Urological
Orthopedic
neurological
Laboratory
5. Examination of posture.
Purpose: to assess the balance or imbalance of muscles and posture in various plans and sections.
6. Anthropometric examination.
General assessment of the physique - weight, height, % fat, % muscle mass Bone Structure Assessment
7. Neuromuscular examination:
- Muscle strength and power.
Flexibility
Speed
Coordination
Speed reaction
8. Metabolic examination:
Aerobic Endurance - Treadmill Assessment, Field Assessment (3200m)
Anaerobic endurance - laboratory tests, tests on the sports ground.
9. Anaerobic Threshold:
lactate test - treadmill, "field conditions"
Running test (3200 m.)
10. Psychological testing.
Purpose: to identify the individual characteristics of an athlete and model promising behavior, including in extreme situations.
11. Testing aimed at identifying body parameters that are priority for a given sport.
Additional tests
"Bench Wells" - test for flexibility
Purpose: to achieve maximum distance when bending the body forward in a sitting position. This test evaluates muscle stretch and shows the athlete's flexibility.
Perometry.
Purpose: determination of the volume of muscle mass of the limbs and its comparative analysis. If there is an imbalance, equality must be achieved.
Isokinetic examination of the limbs.
Purpose: to identify the imbalance in the strength of the limbs and a comparative assessment of eccentric and concentric strength.
Jump test.
Purpose: determination of explosive strength, participation of muscle fibers in percentage terms, use of accumulated muscle elastic energy, intra- and intermuscular coordination.
Instrument tests.
Evaluation parameters:
Comparative parameter of muscles before and after work.
Linear and angular muscle acceleration.
Measurement of average and maximum speed.
Measurement of average and maximum power.
Measurement of average work
Dynamic test:
Increasing weight.
Real speed during power work.
Power test.
Maximum weight test.
Flexibility test.
Chrono test:
Determines the final time, time, distance, speed of each lap. Determines the recovery time between each series. Specifies the total number of circles.
Globus system:
Biomechanical analysis of movements. Evaluate the performance of isotonic, isometric and plyometric training. Overall control of the work performed.
Work test devices.
A method used to determine the imbalance in the development of the limbs, with a graphical display of the degree of inequality.
Aggregate integrated systems.
Summary mode: analyze the speed, distance and heart rate during and at the end of the exercise.
Heart rate monitors.
On-line transmission of data on heart rate with the definition of the corridor of contractions during training. Report with plotting and analysis.
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Season starts in 10 days 683The functional state of the body of athletes is studied in the process of in-depth medical examination (IME). To judge the functional state of the body, all methods are used, including instrumental ones, adopted in modern medicine. At the same time, the functioning of various systems is studied and a comprehensive assessment of the functional state of the organism as a whole is given.
The study of the functional state of the body of athletes is one of the most important tasks of sports medicine. Information about it is necessary for assessing the state of health, identifying the characteristics of the body's activity associated with sports training, and for diagnosing the level of fitness.
Fitness is a complex medical and pedagogical concept that characterizes the readiness of an athlete to achieve high sports results. Fitness develops under the influence of systematic and purposeful sports. Its level depends on the effectiveness of the structural and functional restructuring of the body, which is combined with a high tactical, technical and psychological preparedness of the athlete. The leading role in the diagnosis of fitness belongs to the coach, who performs a comprehensive analysis of biomedical, pedagogical and psychological information about the athlete. Obviously, the reliability of fitness diagnostics depends on the medical and biological preparedness of the coach, who needs a good knowledge of the basics of special functional diagnostics.
It should be noted that this reflects the leading role of the trainer and teacher. physical education in the whole diverse complex of problems associated with sports training. Until relatively recently, the diagnosis of fitness was the prerogative of a sports doctor. The new, more specific tasks now facing sports medicine (see Chapter I) have in no way diminished its role both in diagnosing fitness and in managing the training process.
Since the term "training" has become more universal in modern sports, a new definition of the range of issues that a sports doctor decides in the process of diagnosing fitness (assessment of the state of health, physical development, functional state of body systems, etc.) was required. The term “functional readiness” turned out to be very convenient in this respect. The level of functional readiness of an athlete's body (in combination with data on his physical performance) can actually be used by a coach to diagnose fitness.
To study the functional state of the athlete's body systems, he is examined at rest and under conditions of various functional tests. The data are compared with normal standards obtained from surveys of large populations. healthy people not involved in sports. In the process of such a comparison, either compliance with normal standards or deviation from them is established. Deviation is most often a consequence of those functional changes that develop in the process sports training(e.g. slow heart rate in well-trained athletes). However, in some cases, it may be due to fatigue, overtraining, or illness.
