term "vulnerability"in the computer field, they indicate flaws in the system, using which you can intentionally harm its operation. Such vulnerabilities arise as a result of errors in the programming process, flaws in the design of the system, weak passwords, viruses and rogue malware, script and SQL injections.
Not only websites, but also different kind Software can have vulnerabilities and suffer from them over time if attackers find them and perform illegal actions. Indeed, some vulnerabilities are very dangerous for sites and can significantly harm your projects. Therefore, it is important to know what vulnerabilities exist and how they can affect an online project.
Simple steps to improve website security.
I will review the most dangerous types of vulnerabilities according to the TOP 10 OWASP project in 2017. Let's start with the most important, and those that are less significant will be at the bottom of the list. Be sure to read this information, perhaps it will help protect your site from dangers.
What types of website vulnerabilities should be highlighted?
- Injection
The most popular injection types are SQL, OS, XXE and LDAP. These are vulnerabilities that appear in the process of passing unverified user input to the interpreter for execution. That is, any user can execute arbitrary code in the interpreter. With the help of them, the fraudster gains access to the database, reads hidden data, and can even write down their values. Injections occur when the data is not checked for escape sequences and commands, such as quotes in SQL.
- Authentication and session check errors
For most applications, it becomes necessary to identify users to work with them. There are times when the functions for authentication and session management are implemented incorrectly. This allows hackers to gain access to user accounts without using passwords. In this case, session keys or tokens are intercepted.
- XSS Vulnerability
The first two points discussed relate to sites and the server. An XSS vulnerability poses more of a threat to the user than to the server machine. XSS works in the user's browser and makes it possible to steal his information. XSS or Cross-Site Scripting works in JavaScript on the same principle as injections. The hacker passes a special string in some field, in the line of JS code, the browser decides that this code is sent by the site and launches it. This code can be anything. To avoid this situation, you must escape all special characters using the htmlspecialchars function or its equivalent methods.
- Access Control Errors
There are cases when, by mistake, information becomes available to ordinary users for ordinary users, which in fact should be hidden. Most often this happens on popular CMS. For example, due to files in the root of the site: the wp-config.php file with database access passwords is not available due to the php extension. When it is edited in Vim and saved incorrectly, a backup copy is created with the .swp extension, and it can then be opened in a web browser without problems.
Access control errors also include errors in the application code that open access to hidden data for unauthorized users.
- Misconfiguration
For any application or site to be as secure as possible, a well-designed application/framework-level configuration and properly configured servers are essential first and foremost. These settings should be constantly maintained and updated to prevent problems in the future. As you know, the default configuration of most services is not secure enough, and the software must be kept up to date.
- Unprotected sensitive data
Unfortunately, a large number of web applications, sites and APIs do not protect the user's confidential information and transmit it in the clear. And it can be not only passwords, tokens and keys, but financial information that must be protected at the maximum level. First of all, this can be done using the https protocol, which is connected after purchase.
- Poor attack defense
This problem is seen in many applications and APIs that do not even have basic capabilities to detect, prevent and respond to manual and automatic attacks. Protection against attacks, of course, is not only a basic verification of the compliance of the login and password. This is the detection, logging and even blocking of invalid login attempts and other unauthorized actions. All this is done for the safety of the user and protection of his information from theft by intruders.
- CSRF Vulnerabilities
Using a CSRF or Cross-Site Request Forgery attack, the scammer forces the victim's browser to send an HTTP request, including cookies, session files, etc., to the vulnerable web application.
That is, the hacker gets the opportunity to generate requests from the victim's browser, which the application considers correct and sent by the victim herself. Such a situation can arise, for example, when you simply open a link, and the Internet resource is already sending your friends a notification with an advertisement without your permission or completely deletes your account.
- Using components with vulnerabilities
Components (libraries, frameworks, and software modules) operate with capabilities that are similar to applications. Therefore, if a component has a vulnerability, then a fraudster who performs an attack can steal important data or even gain access to server management. Applications and APIs that use components with vulnerabilities can expose themselves to attacks and greatly compromise their security.
- Insecure APIs
APIs are very important and requested additions to every application on the web. They can work with SOAP/XML, REST/JSON, RPC, GWT protocols. But it often happens that they are also not safe and have a lot of errors that open up vulnerabilities for sites.
What Internet projects are the most vulnerable?
Positive Tehnologics conducted a special study and provided a report on the most vulnerable sites. They turned out to be Internet resources that were written in PHP using their own engine. Resources using Java/ASP.NET technologies and commercial CMS became the safest. Remember that the main goal of a cybercriminal is to control the site, and the presence of vulnerabilities will only help him achieve them. Therefore, it is better to spend money on developing a secure site than to “treat” vulnerabilities later and suffer from them.
How to find and fix Internet resource vulnerabilities?
This question is of interest to many developers and site owners. As we have already discussed, the most common causes of site security threats can be: low-quality site/server code or Open-Source CMS. Therefore, it is very important to monitor the occurrence of possible vulnerabilities in your Internet project using special means. For example, special programs have been developed for these purposes.
It is also worth considering the fact that attackers, for their part, have many tools for automatically testing each type of vulnerability, for finding vulnerable sites and for finding vulnerabilities on the server. Therefore, it is really important to update the CMS on time, because most of the known errors are found in free systems.
How to ensure online security? to work on the web.
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Good afternoon, dear readers! Yandex never ceases to amaze. Not even a week had passed since the start of the war with the re-optimization of the page and the introduction of a new ranking formula was announced, as over the weekend on the official blog, the guys from the safe search team touched on the topic of site security and published a curious rating of vulnerable cms (Content Management System).
Today, in most cases, when creating an Internet resource, we use an engine. This is convenient, because without special knowledge you can implement everything you have planned - from the site itself to the gallery or forum, but like any software, they contain vulnerabilities. Knowing about which it costs nothing for a hacker to hack a site and place malicious code, redirect readers to another resource, post dubious material, or infect computers with a virus. From such actions, not only the reputation of the resource, but also its owner may suffer.
All our attempts to protect the site from hacking sometimes come to naught due to the fact that cms in most cases consists of separate modules, plugins that are not checked for security, unlike the engine itself. What I want to note is that the more popular the engine, the more and more often they will look for loopholes to break it.
It is known that the Yandex search engine quickly finds malicious scripts or codes on resources. In this case, its owner receives a warning by e-mail, and a warning appears next to the link in the search results, “The site is infected with a virus”, as a result, the number of readers is noticeably reduced.
Yandex analyzed the top 10,000 and determined that wordpress is the most popular engine, followed by joomla. A clearer picture can be seen in the diagram
Through research by the SafeSearch team, it turned out that the most vulnerable cms- DLE, which is not so popular. This is followed by the vulnerability of Joomla 1.5 and Wordpess.
Moreover, wordpress versions 3.2.1, 3.1.3 and 2.9.2 are especially vulnerable, which are widespread and not on infected sites. Yandex simply recommends that webmasters working on these versions carefully follow the security rules, so in just a month and a half, 57 new vulnerabilities were discovered in wordpress, which are mainly located in additional modules. The danger comes from the components “wp-forum”, “wp-slimstat”, “wordpress automatic upgrade” and a few others. More full review wordpress vulnerabilities can be found here.
If you are working on Joomla 1.5 try to pay attention to security issues, special attention should be paid to the modules that are used for the forum. Since the beginning of the year alone, 38 new hack loopholes have been discovered. A more complete overview of joomla vulnerabilities can be found on this page.
You can protect the site from hacking and unauthorized entry by observing simple recommendations from the Yandex security service:
1. Keep track of engine updates.
2. Hide information about the version of the engine used and its extensions. This will make it harder for hackers to find holes.
7. Vulnerable areas of the body
I love the brave; but it's not enough to be a grunt, -
you also need to know who to cut!
Friedrich Nietzsche
It is well known that a strong blow with a hand or foot causes sharp pain and extensive bruising in any part of the body. However, in a brutal fight (especially with multiple opponents), non-targeted area attacks are an unacceptable luxury. Oznobishin stated the following on this occasion: “The strategy of a serious battle does not pursue the task of simply “hurting” the enemy: if the latter is dangerous, then the effect of pain will only cause despair and anger, which will multiply his strength tenfold. The strategy requires bringing the enemy into a state of impossibility to resist. *
Therefore, the targets for your blows should be not only what, but the most vulnerable places of the human body. These are nerve nodes, large blood vessels, fragile bones, joints. Their defeat - on the one hand - does not require great strength On the other hand, it inevitably entails significant consequences. These can be: pain shock; semi-conscious state (what in boxing is called "groggy"); loss of consciousness; mechanical injury (dislocation, fracture, bleeding, rupture of muscles or ligaments); death. As a result, the enemy loses the ability to continue the fight for a period of time from a few seconds to infinity.
Before proceeding further with this issue, I would like to make two clarifications. First, I'm talking about punches here, not weapons. Indeed, to be hit by stabbing, cutting, chopping objects, our body is vulnerable anywhere from the top of the head to the heels. Secondly, for now I am only talking about blows and do not touch on such methods of influence as biting, pinching, twisting, leverage.
Among experts there is no consensus on the total number of vulnerabilities on the human body. For example, Chinese masters distinguish about 200 nerve points that are highly sensitive to poking and pressing with fingers. The specificity of this technique is that the impact on these points requires minimal effort, but it gives maximum results: a person experiences severe pain, or his arms and legs seem to be paralyzed, or he instantly loses consciousness.
It would seem, what more could you want?! Learn the location of two or three dozen such points, learn to hit them with the fingers of both hands, and you're done! You will become a very dangerous subject. However, everything is not so simple. First, most of the nerve points vulnerable to finger damage are almost always covered by clothing. Only those who have undergone special training can pierce a jacket, raincoat or coat, knitted sweater, tight jeans with a finger. Secondly, to defeat even a naked body, one must also have well-hardened (“stuffed”) fingers, otherwise their dislocation or fracture is guaranteed. Thirdly, in the course of a street brawl, its participants usually fail to instantly determine the exact location of these points, since the position of the torso and limbs of each of the fighters is constantly changing, and their attention is scattered.
Where is the exit? It is not to attack microscopic nerve points, but rather large areas of the body and to do this with a more massive weapon than fingers. As for such zones, the devastating consequences are caused by hitting any point throughout their area. By "massive" weapons, I mean the base and edge of the palm, elbow, knee, foot, head, fist, and fingers, but brought together like a beak or a knife.
By bringing together tables, lists and anatomical diagrams from manuals on hand-to-hand combat for special forces, I identified 30 "targets" that are indicated more often than others, and the destructive effect on which, in fact, does not require special force: enough that is inherent in a teenager 14-15 years old.
These targets are arranged in the order determined by their availability. The most vulnerable part of the body, of course, is the head, but it is more difficult to get to it than to the legs or groin, especially if there are several opponents and they are taller (and I take this situation as a basis). Therefore, the sequence for selecting targets for attack is as follows: legs from the feet to the knees, the center line of the body in front, the body on the sides, head, the center line of the body in the back, hands.
If you are armed, then the hands become the number one target. The explanation here is simple. Whatever the aggressor tries to do with you, he does it with his hands - he grabs them, pushes, beats, strangles, brandishes a knife or a stick ... Therefore, crushing his fingers, breaking his forearm, deeply cutting or piercing the back of his hand, you will reliably bring out him out of order. However, without weapons, it is hardly possible to cause any serious damage to the hands of the attacker, unless you are a master of sports in sambo. For example, it was possible to catch the massive forearm of a gorilla-like "umbal". Try to break it with “one sharp movement”, as the authors of some manuals recommend: there will not be enough strength ...
So, I will list the affected areas that combine the 30 targets mentioned above (together with the paired ones there will be more, not 30, but 45):
1) ankle joint - lower leg;
2) knee joint;
3) perineum - lower abdomen;
4) solar plexus- cardiac plexus;
5) interclavicular cavity - throat - chin;
6) hypochondrium - ribs;
7) clavicle - the lateral part of the neck;
8) upper lip - the base of the nose;
9) nose bridge - eyes;
10) temple - ear;
11) nape - the seventh cervical vertebra;
12) between the shoulder blades - the central part of the spine;
13) lower back - kidneys;
14) elbow - armpit - shoulder;
15) fingers.
As for some other parts of the body, often called "vulnerable", they, in my opinion, do not meet the main requirement - to cause severe pain in the event of a lesion and incapacitate a person for at least a few seconds.
Let us now consider the consequences that take place as a result of limb strikes on the targets listed here.
1. ANKLE JOINT ("LIFT" OF THE FOOT)
It is affected by a “trampling” kick from top to bottom, or by a “football” kick in a horizontal plane from the front or side. It is better that the attacking leg is in shoes. This place is very sensitive in almost all people, because from childhood it is protected by shoes, and there is no muscular cover here (Fig. 25).
Relatively weak blows to the ankle joint cause acute pain and deprive the opponent of the opportunity to actively work with the foot. A stronger impact leads to the destruction of the small bones of the foot, causes a crack, and even a fracture of the lower end of the tibia (small or large, depending on which side the blow is applied from). A strong blow from behind at the level of the instep of the foot tears the Achilles tendon if the attacked leg is under load at this time and does not fly forward.
2. SHIN ("BONE")
The two tibias located here (small and large) are almost not covered by muscles, so the pain from hitting them pierces the whole body, like an electrical discharge. You can attack the lower leg both internally (with a “football” kick) and externally (with side impact) side of the foot, preferably with the stiff edge of your shoes. However, you can hit with both the heel (heel) and the sole (Fig. 26). Just do not hit the shin with a toe, as it can slip off and then the blow will not cause significant harm to the enemy.
Relatively weak blows to the lower leg cause acute pain and a huge bruise, damage the periosteum. A strong impact entails a painful shock up to loss of consciousness, a crack or fracture of the bone.
The direction of blows to the lower leg is predominantly from the front or side. An attack from behind on a leg loaded at that moment with body weight can cause temporary paralysis of the calf muscle.
3. KNEE JOINT
It is unequivocally considered by all specialists that the knee is the best target for low-level kicks. It is convenient to hit him from all sides, with any part of the foot, at any angle (from top to bottom, from bottom to top, horizontally), by any movement - pushing, swinging, trampling (Fig. 27).
Relatively weak blows to the knee cause acute pain and force the opponent to moderate his ardor. A stronger impact leads to rupture of the knee ligaments, fragmentation of cartilage, dislocation or fracture of the bones that form the articular joint. Often a person becomes disabled after this. A blow of medium strength from behind (into the popliteal fold) is also accompanied by acute pain and partial destruction of the joint.
4. PERINUM (GENITALS)
This target can be hit with anything - toe and instep, heel, knee, fist, edge and base of the palm, fingertips pressed together (Fig. 28). You can not even beat, but simply grab the genitals with your hand and pull them towards you - to the side. However, this place has been protected by men since childhood. We all tend to purely reflexively cover our perineum with our hand or thigh when trying to attack it. Therefore, the attack here takes place only with distraction of the enemy's attention, for example, with a whipping blow of the hand to the eyes.
Even a slight impact on the neurovascular bundle located in the genitals causes acute pain and incapacitates for several tens of seconds. Stronger blows entail a painful shock up to loss of consciousness and guarantee serious injury with internal bleeding.
5. LOWER ABDOMEN (PUBIC AREA)
There is no muscular armor in the lower abdomen, and numerous neurovascular plexuses are located inside the abdominal cavity. It is better to strike here with the toe of the shoe, with the knee, with the fist, with the tips of the fingers clenched together (Fig. 29).
A relatively weak blow to the lower abdomen is accompanied by severe pain and semi-consciousness. A stronger impact causes pain shock up to loss of consciousness, internal bleeding, fracture of the pubic bone or rupture of the bladder.
6. SOLAR PLEXUS ("SUN")
It is located directly below the xiphoid process of the sternum. It is convenient to hit him with the elbow, knee, fist, base of the palm, second phalanges of the fingers, clenched in the manner of the so-called "devil's paw" (Fig. 30). It is difficult to break through the sun for “jocks”, overgrown with powerful muscles, but even they cannot keep their press constantly tense. On inspiration, the abdominal muscles relax and this target opens up for defeat.
A relatively weak blow to the solar plexus causes acute pain, temporary cessation of breathing, reflex inhibition of the heart, a drop in blood pressure and, as a result, a fainting state. The person bends in half, loses the ability to move for one or two minutes. A strong blow entails suffocation, loss of consciousness and even death if it was directed from the bottom up.
7. CARDIAC PLEXUS ("HEART")
This target is located just below the left nipple. Everything said about the "sun" is true here. I will only add that with a strong blow to the region of the heart, it can stop and then death will instantly occur. It is necessary to know about this, since the cardiac plexus is more vulnerable than the solar plexus (Fig. 31).
8. INTERCLAULAR CAVITY ("POLE")
It is located below the Adam's apple (the so-called "Adam's apple"), between the collarbones. There are no muscles here, so even a weak blow injures the trachea, which is accompanied by a strong cough, tears, and a feeling of suffocation. A strong impact causes throat bleeding, respiratory arrest, loss of consciousness and often death, especially if the blow was made by some object: the end of a stick, a ballpoint pen, etc. (Fig. 32).
Blows to the interclavicular cavity are best applied with a “beak” of fingers gathered together, or with the thumb. In some situations, for example, if you are on the ground under an attacker, attacking the "fossa" between the collarbones may be your only chance of salvation.
9. THROAT (Adam's Apple, Adam's Apple)
This refers to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx, protruding forward from under the skin. They beat him with the edge of the palm, its base (if the head is thrown back up), with a fist of the "devil's paw" type, as well as with a fork formed by the thumb bent in opposite directions and the rest (Fig. 33).
A light blow causes acute pain and suffocation. Consciousness, as a rule, remains, but the enemy loses the ability to take action for a period of time from fifteen to twenty seconds to a minute. A stronger impact entails profuse bleeding from the mouth, pain shock and loss of consciousness, or a fracture of the thyroid cartilage, rupture of the windpipe and death.
10. CHIN (CENTER OF LOWER JAW)
The main ways to hit this target are as follows: a fist blow from the bottom up, right under the lower jaw (“uppercut”), an elbow strike from the side or from below, and, finally, a short straight blow with the base of the palm with the direction of the movement trajectory to the top of the head (Fig. 34). The last of the three is the best. If you hold it exactly in the center, easily and relaxed, having gathered only at the last moment, then it affects the cerebellum and knocks down the most powerful “roller”. Trying to hit the chin with a fist, you can break your hand at the wrist joint.
In scientific terms, when you hit the chin, the vestibular apparatus is shaken and the activity of the cardiovascular system to provide the brain with oxygen is temporarily inhibited. Both of these combined cause confusion. In addition, sometimes from such a blow a person bites his tongue hard with his teeth.
11. RIBS (LIVER AND SPLEEN)
As you know, a person has 12 pairs of ribs. Of these, 7 pairs are called upper, and 5 - lower, or false. On the right side of the body behind the lower ribs is the liver, on the left side is the spleen. Strikes on the lower ribs are applied with anything: with the knee, foot, elbow, fist, base and edge of the palm, but not with the fingers (Fig. 35).
As a result of bruising of the ribs with relatively weak blows, a person experiences acute pain, he reflexively has an instantaneous ejection of blood from both the liver and spleen. Both put him out of action for a while. With a stronger blow, two or three ribs can break, which in itself makes it difficult to breathe and move. But much more significant is the fact that from a strong blow there is a rupture of the liver or spleen. And since both of these organs contain a large amount of blood (they are a kind of “blood depot”), the matter can end in death.
12. HYPOCOHOND
This is the name of the part of the body below the false ribs. A blow to this area, directed in a straight line from the right or left side into the body, causes intense pain and internal bleeding. This is due to the fact that in the areas of the abdominal cavity adjacent to the sides, large blood vessels pass, and there are numerous nerve nodes. If the blow is directed from the bottom up, as if under the ribs, then it injures either the liver (and the liver located under it gallbladder), or the spleen. Such a blow, in addition, easily breaks the tenth rib (Fig. 36).
Of course, in order for a blow in the hypochondrium to be penetrating into the body, it is necessary to make it small impact surface- with the toe of the shoe, with the “devil's paw” fist, with the beak of fingers clenched together. And even better - the end of the stick. It is good to hit upwards with the knee, the base and the edge of the palm, the fist.
The matter is facilitated by the fact that the muscles of the lateral surfaces of the torso are poorly developed in the majority of current city dwellers. They don't mow grass, they don't cut firewood, they don't dig the ground - where do strong lateral muscles come from?
13. Clavicle
Even from a weak blow to the collarbone, a person experiences acute pain, and in order to break it, an effort of only 25 kilograms per square centimeter is required. Such an effort is available to both a teenager and an untrained woman. The direction of the blow is from top to bottom, the weapon of the body is the edge or base of the palm, the lower part of the fist, the head, sometimes the elbow (Fig. 37). It is important that with a broken collarbone, a person cannot hit hard with the other hand and even with his feet.
With stronger blows, the clavicle does not just break, but is completely destroyed and injures the tops of the lungs, bronchi, and large blood vessels with its fragments.
14. SIDE SURFACE OF THE NECK
The carotid artery, jugular vein and vagus nerve pass through this place. As a result of even a weak blow with the edge or the base of the palm, fist, elbow, a person's blood pressure drops, breathing becomes difficult, orientation in space is disturbed. But the main thing is that he feels a sharp pain. With a stronger impact, loss of consciousness occurs (although blows of this kind are not dangerous for life), or, at a minimum, a person falls to the ground (Fig. 38).
15. UPPER LIP ("FILTRUM", OR NOSOLABIAL FOLD)
To be precise, this refers to the area of the face between the base of the nose and the upper lip. It is considered one of the most vulnerable places of a person. Here the nasal cartilage fuses with the cranial bone and there is a nerve node (Fig. 39).
Even from a weak blow with the edge of the palm, "fork", or a fist directed deep into the face, your opponent will feel a sharp pain. If you hit harder, then there will be a painful shock, concussion, loss of consciousness and, possibly, death. It all depends on the strength of the blow, its trajectory and the accuracy of the hit. In any case, blood will gush, not from the nose, but from the upper lip.
16. NOSE BASE
Strikes here are best done with a “fork” between the thumb and the rest of the fingers, the “devil's paw” fist (i.e. the second phalanges of bent fingers) or the base of the palm. The nose is a very sensitive organ, so a short poke is enough for any “jock” to throw its head back, and blood bleeds from its nostrils. A blow to the base of the nose does not require any force, however, it is hardly possible to “knock out” a strong man with it. It should be used as a means to force the opponent to open his throat. He threw back his head and with the same hand you hit him in the Adam's apple or push him in the chest, while doing the bandwagon (Fig. 40).
17. NOSE BONUS (MIDDLE BACK OF NOSE)
They beat her with the edge and base of the palm, fist, elbow, head. A light blow causes acute pain, a medium-strength blow causes a painful shock (up to loss of consciousness), profuse bleeding, and a complete loss of combat capability. A strong blow crushes the nasal bone and cartilage attached to it into fragments that can penetrate the brain and cause instant death (Fig. 41).
18. EYE
A blow to the eye is made with one thumb, a beak of all fingers folded together, and also with the tips of four fingers when whipping (Fig. 42). However, there are cases when it was possible to knock out an eye with the base of the palm. Never try to poke both eyes at once with two spread fingers, as recommended in some instructions. That way you'd rather break your fingers than gouge out your opponent's eyes.
human eyes very vulnerable. Almost no force is required to injure them. However, getting into the eye is not so easy. Much more often, an eye attack is used as a maneuver to divert the attention of the enemy from the main blow. Well, in those rather rare cases, when your finger actually sticks into the eye of the enemy, the latter experiences acute pain and loses orientation in the surrounding space. Simply put, after that, he is solely concerned with the state of his organ of vision.
The eyes, together with the bridge of the nose, the base of the nose, and the nasolabial fold, form the so-called "T-zone" of the lesion. It is the main target for attacks aimed at the face.
19. TEMPLE
Blows to the temple are extremely dangerous. A relatively weak blow is accompanied by pain shock, concussion and loss of consciousness, a stronger impact breaks the temporal bone. She, in turn, pierces the adjacent area of the brain and cuts the blood vessels passing there, as a result of which instant death occurs (Fig. 43).
The fact is that the temporal bone of the skull is very thin, and the cerebral artery passes directly under it. The temple is usually beaten with a fist (more precisely, with the knuckle of the index finger), the base of the fist, the phalanx bent thumb and sometimes with the elbow if the opponent is short.
20. EAR
This is an organ not only of hearing, but also of balance (semicircular canals of the inner ear). The most effective is a simultaneous blow to the ears with the palms of both hands, bent like cups. As a result, a person feels a pain shock, dizziness, he feels sick, he loses orientation in space. With a stronger impact, the eardrums may burst, and internal cerebral hemorrhage is also possible with fatal(Fig. 44).
They beat him in the ear with the edge of the palm, with the knuckles of the fist, with its base, with the elbow. It is not difficult to pierce the tympanic membrane with the thumb, forcibly driving it into the opening of the auditory shell, which entails wild pain.
21. NECK (BASE OF THE SKULL)
This is where the neck joins the skull. A blow with the edge of the palm, its base, fist, elbow in this place is accompanied by acute pain, loss of orientation, semi-consciousness - if it is relatively weak. A more powerful blow displaces the cervical vertebrae, infringes or tears the spinal cord, as a result of which a person ends up in intensive care, or even in a cemetery (Fig. 45). In both cases, the enemy instantly goes out of action for a long time. Only now it’s good to kiss the back of the enemy’s head, especially if this enemy is tall and strong in build, it’s very, very difficult.
22. NECK BACK
As you know, the human spine consists of 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar vertebrae, as well as the sacrum and coccyx, formed by fused vertebrae. The nerve trunk of the spinal cord runs through the vertebrae. Spinal injuries associated with displacement or fracture of the vertebrae are accompanied by severe injuries (partial or complete ruptures) of the spinal cord. The rupture of his cervical regions completely paralyzes a person. Gaps in thoracic region paralyze the abdominal muscles and intercostal muscles, which makes breathing extremely difficult, and in lumbar- paralysis of the lower extremities (Fig. 46).
Any blows to the spine with the edge and base of the palm, fist, and even more so with such powerful weapons as the head, elbow, knee, foot are extremely painful and very dangerous. With a weak blow, a person feels a sharp pain, on a short time depriving him of the ability to continue the battle. A strong blow knocks him to the ground and completely incapacitates, and death is also possible.
23, 24, 25
The three main targets on the back are the following: the hollow between the shoulder blades, the central part of the back and the loin (fig. 47, 48, 49). As mentioned above, blows to any part of the spine are very painful and dangerous. Sometimes the coccyx is also indicated as a weak spot in the lower back, but any traumatologist will tell you that this is far from the case. The blow to the coccyx must be strong and directed exclusively from the bottom up, so that the person feels a sharp pain. But even if you manage to break it, this will not prevent the enemy from fighting, he will suffer from pain later.
26. KIDNEY
Kidney - large internal organ, its length in an adult is 10-13 cm, and its width is 5-6 cm, and the left kidney is longer and thicker than the right one. The kidney is a very sensitive organ, in addition, in the place where it is located, a large nerve passes under the very skin of the back - a branch from the spinal cord. Therefore, even a slight blow to the kidney area is accompanied by acute pain. And the stronger it is, the higher the likelihood of a kidney rupture with bleeding, pain shock and death.
Strikes to the kidney area can be made both with hands and feet, elbows, knees and head. But, I repeat once again, the stronger the blow, the more dangerous it is for health and life (Fig. 50).
27. ELBOW
Every adult has hit his elbow on some hard object more than once, and knows how much it hurts. The whole body seems to be pierced by an electrical discharge. But the pain in this case is not the main evil. Worse, the elbow joint is rather weak, it is not difficult to dislocate or break it.
A blow to the elbow with the foot, knee, fist, base of the palm from below causes acute pain, partial or complete rupture of the ligaments, dislocation, fracture (Fig. 51). The stronger the blow, the tighter you hold the opponent's hand, the more serious the consequences it entails. It is clear that with a broken elbow, the enemy is no longer a fighter. One arm is completely incapacitated, the second he is forced to support the broken one, otherwise the slightest movement is given in the broken joint with acute pain.
28. ARMPIT (ARMPIT)
Here is the shoulder nerve plexus, the median and ulnar nerves, the subclavian artery and vein pass, there are numerous lymph nodes and vessels (Fig. 52). A blow with a fist, a beak of fingers gathered together, one thumb, a toe of a shoe in a given place with a relatively weak impact causes acute pain, making it impossible to attack. A strong blow is accompanied by partial or complete destruction of the bag of the shoulder joint, pain shock, and sometimes leads to death.
29. SHOULDER JOINT
Shallow articular cavity, large head sizes humerus and weakness of the ligaments of the articular capsule make the shoulder joint the place where most often, compared with all other joints, dislocations occur (during falls, shocks, bruises, etc.). Shoulder dislocation is often accompanied by a fracture of the upper end of the humerus. Thus anatomical features of this joint make it one of the most vulnerable places of the human body.
A relatively weak but sharp blow to the shoulder from the front or back quite easily leads to a dislocation. And a blow to the shoulder from above causes acute pain, muscle numbness, torn ligaments or intramuscular bleeding - it all depends on the strength of the blow, and on how well you “attached” to the shoulder. Meanwhile, athletes usually kick the shoulder from the side-in, which is completely safe. It is clear that from above, in front, from behind you cannot hit the shoulder joint with your foot, they hit it with the base and edge of the palm, knuckles and the base of the fist, sometimes it is possible to hit with the elbow - if the enemy is bent. In a lying opponent, the shoulder can be knocked out with a kick of the foot (Fig. 53).
30. FINGERS
It is well known (at least to traumatologists) that the fingers of the hands are easily injured. It is easy to knock them out of the joints or break them with a blow to the base of the palm, its edge, elbow, knee, foot. More easier fingers break. For example, if an opponent has caught you in a grapple, don't waste your energy trying to tear his arms away from you. Better start breaking his fingers. Let go immediately. Any finger can also be bitten off, cut off, crushed, there would be a desire (Fig. 54).
* * *
So, in order to incapacitate a person, make him suffer from pain, maim or kill, much less strength is required than "dummies" usually think. It is only necessary not to randomly swing your limbs (maybe I’ll get somewhere), but purposefully attack the most vulnerable places.
Keep this in mind not only during the fight, but also in training with partners. Otherwise you will kill each other.
* Oznobishin N.N. Art hand-to-hand combat, With. 78.
The most vulnerable in our world are children
Childhood is the brightest and brightest part of a person's life. Coming into this world, a weak and defenseless child can only rely on the help and care of adults. The child begins to learn the surrounding reality, depending on how it is presented to him. How the baby grows up largely depends on how his parents relate to this life. What values predominate in the family, what occupies a priority position - material or spiritual - an indicator of what the current child will prefer in the future. Children are very soft and pliable material , what prevents to bring up a harmoniously developed personality, and what helps this process? It seems to me that, first of all, the behavior of the parents themselves. Which of them thinks about the soul of a little person when, in front of him, he starts a scandal with a neighbor or begins to condemn friends, acquaintances, who care about what scars the unseemly actions of adults leave in memory. Deceive a child once, and he will remember it for the rest of his life, and then following your example, he will deceive everyone, but you will be the first. Are you disrespectful to your parents? Change, because one day you will be in their place, and your child will do the same to you. A person brought up in lies and hatred will sow and grow the same. Teach a child to love, and he will be grateful to you, because he is happy only because he gives love to others and bathes in this love himself. Teach a child to love, as wise books that have come to us from the depths of centuries teach, how much light they bring to our wounded souls .People perceive the Bible as a fairy tale for many decades, but wasn’t the Apostle Paul right when he wrote beautiful and, undoubtedly, still relevant words, think about how simple everything is: “Love is patient, kind, love does not envy, love does not exalt itself, do not is proud, does not act outrageous, does not seek his own, is not irritated, does not think evil, does not rejoice in iniquity, but rejoices in the truth; covers everything, believes everything, hopes everything, endures everything "Moms and dads, grandfathers and grandmothers, teach us to love!
The temple is one of the weak points of the skull. Deep under the temple is the artery of the brain membrane. The average thickness of the skull is 5 millimeters, in the thickest place its thickness is 1 centimeter, in the temple area the thickness of the skull is only 1-2 millimeters. A blow to this area can lead to concussion, loss of consciousness and death.
A blow to the base of the skull.
The point is located at the base of the skull, at the junction of the occiput and the first cervical vertebra. A weak blow to this area results in loss of consciousness, a strong blow interrupts the nerve and leads to immediate death.
A blow to the crown.
The point is located on the top of the head. It's pretty weakness skulls. A weak blow to this point can cause a concussion. A strong blow can damage the brain, cause hemorrhage and eventually death.
A blow to the back of the head.
This point is located in the center of the back of the skull at the junction of several bones and is palpable as a slightly elongated structure. This cavity is weak point heads. With a weak blow to this point, a concussion and loss of consciousness occurs. If the blow is strong, it can lead to hemorrhage and death.
Blow on the superciliary arch.
These points are located above the eyebrows. Blood vessels and nerves pass through these areas. A moderate impact can damage them and cause bleeding in the eyes and loss of consciousness.
A blow to the lower jaw.
This point is located at the angle of the jaw below where it articulates with the ear. A blow to this area breaks the bone into small pieces. This area is also known as the "knockout area" as a side kick directed into it hits cervical region spine, which causes the enemy to fall. This is one of the reasons why in actual combat fighters often drop their chin to cover the point of the lower jaw.
A blow to the nasal bone.
This point is located on the nasal bone, between the eyebrows. The nasal bone is thick on top and thins downwards, a small vein runs in the center, which goes to the nasal cavity. A blow to this area can easily damage the nasal bone and lead to severe bleeding and difficulty breathing. In addition, a blow to the nose is very painful and impairs vision.
Blow on the cheek. (Above the side of the jaw)
This point is relatively weak. A blow to it leads to a fracture of the jaw and damage to the surrounding blood vessels and nerves. If the opponent's mouth is open and the blow is delivered at a downward angle, the jaw falls out of the joint, causing severe pain.
Blow or slap on the ears.
Near the ears are many blood vessels and nerves. A blow to the ears causes damage to the outer ear and eardrum.
The most vulnerable points of the neck.
A chopping blow to the back of the neck.
This point is located near the third vertebra of the neck. A weak blow to it causes a displacement of the vertebrae, which as a result put pressure on the spinal cord. A medium-strength strike knocks out the opponent and can lead to serious complications. A strong blow that interrupts the nerves of the spine leads to immediate death.
Chopping blow to the throat. (thyroid cartilage)
The thyroid cartilage (colloquially known as Adam's apple) is surrounded by numerous blood vessels and nerves, and behind it is the thyroid gland. A blow to the throat causes severe pain and loss of the ability to breathe. If the opponent's head is tilted back during the blow, the result of the impact will be much greater.
The most vulnerable points of the torso.
A blow to the sternum. (solar plexus)
The sternum is located in the center of the body. In this area is the heart, below the liver and stomach. There is no protection in the form of ribs. Therefore, a blow to this area directly affects the heart, diaphragm and nerves between the ribs. A blow to the solar plexus causes severe pain in the walls of the stomach, difficulty breathing. The enemy loses the ability to defend himself. A strong blow can lead to bleeding in the stomach, heart failure, liver rupture, internal bleeding, unconsciousness and, in some cases, even death.
A blow between two ribs.
Usually blows are directed to the 7th, 8th and 9th ribs and their connecting cartilages. On the left is the region of the heart, on the right is the liver. Ribs 5 through 8 are the most curved and most easily broken, especially where bone meets cartilage. A strong blow to this area may cause heart attack, liver damage, internal bleeding, and possibly death.
Impact on moving ribs.
Movable ribs are at the bottom chest. These are the 11th and 12th ribs. They are not attached to the sternum. Since the ribs are not secured at the front, the impact will cause them to break inwards. This, in turn, can lead to their penetration into the liver or spleen, which is deadly.
A blow or impact by pressing on the armpit.
Many blood vessels and nerves pass through this area. In addition, this cavity has no muscular or bone protection. Attacking this area with the fingers can cause an electric shock type sensation and a temporary loss of hand movement. Strong pressure can cause damage to the nerves and blood vessels, making it difficult to move the hand.
A kick or hand to the pubic bone.
This area is very sensitive. A blow to it is painful enough and leads to the inability of the enemy to continue resistance.
Kick or hand to the crotch
Many nerves pass through this point, and the genitals and the bladder are located above. A light blow to this area will cause very severe pain. A strong blow can rupture the bladder and cause shock.
A kick or hand to the coccyx.
In this area, the nerves are relatively protected and a strong blow can damage the central nervous system, causing severe pain and possible paralysis.
Kidney kick
The kidneys are very close to the back wall of the abdominal cavity. From an anatomical point of view, the kidneys are not protected by ribs and are very vulnerable. when struck, there is severe pain, possible rupture of the kidneys, profuse bleeding.
A blow to the back opposite the heart.
A blow to this point can cause shock, as there is a direct effect on the heart. This exposure can be fatal.
The most vulnerable points of the legs.
Hit under the kneecap.
A blow to this area causes severe pain. The greatest efficiency occurs when the supporting limb, on which the weight of the body is concentrated, is attacked. The result of such exposure will be tissue damage under the fibula and tibia.
A blow to the outside of the knee.
This force will cause the joint to move in an unnatural direction, bending inward and causing damage to the ligaments as well as tearing between the bones of the joint. In addition, a strong blow can damage the main peroneal nerve, causing severe pain.
A blow to the inside of the knee.
This impact will cause the leg to bend outward, damaging the ligaments and tendons around patella. The best angle to hit is a sharp downward angle towards the rear.
