12.02.202127.05.2017

Introduction

In Russia, it has long been customary to teach a child to play with his fingers from an early age. These were such games as “Ladushki”, “Forty-white-sided”, etc. After washing the baby’s hands, they wiped them with a towel, as if massaging each finger individually.

It has been proven that fine work with fingers contributes to the development of speech in children. Therefore, it is very important to develop fine motor skills in a child from a very early age. But just doing exercises will be boring for the baby - you need to turn them into interesting and useful games.

IN Lately on the packages of children's games you can see the inscription: "For the development fine motor skills hands." Many parents have heard about this concept, but not everyone knows how to develop fine motor skills and why it needs to be done.

Now it is already known that at the initial stage of life, it is fine motor skills that reflect how your baby develops, testifies to his intellectual abilities. From how deftly the child learns to control his fingers in the very early age depends on its further development.

Under the term fine motor skills understood as coordinated movements small muscles fingers and hands. They are important not only for performing various daily activities, but also for stimulating the development of the child's brain.

Along with the development of fine motor skills, memory, attention, and vocabulary of your baby develop.

Periods of development of the child in preschool age

The famous Italian educator Maria Montessori identified three periods in the development of children:

Development of children's speech (from 0 to 6 years). At this time, two important events take place. From 1 year to 2.5 years, the child's vocabulary is rapidly expanding. At 4-4.5 years old, he masters writing (but only under the condition of developed fine motor skills);

Perception of small objects (from 1.5 to 5.5 years). At this age, the child likes to play with buttons, beads, sticks, etc. With the help of such objects, the motor skills of the child's hands can be developed. Just make sure that the baby does not take them in his mouth;

Formation of the simplest self-service skills (from 1 year to 4 years). At this age, the child is taught to independently dress, eat and perform hygiene procedures.

1. Exercises for the development of fine motor skills are carried out in a complex, starting from the first months of a child's life.

2. In the set of exercises, try to include tasks for squeezing, relaxing and stretching the baby's hands.

3. Start or end with a hand massage session.

4. Carry out fine motor development work regularly, according to age and level. physical development baby.

5. First, the adult performs all movements with the hands of the baby, and as he masters, the child begins to do them on his own.

6. Carefully monitor that the exercises are performed correctly by the child. If the baby finds it difficult to complete any task, immediately help him: fix the desired position of the fingers, etc.

7. Alternate new and old games and exercises. After your child has mastered simple motor skills, move on to mastering more complex ones.

8. Perform certain movements while listening to (and then pronouncing the child) a poem.

9. Encourage the child's creative activity, let him come up with some exercises.

10. Conduct classes emotionally, actively, praise the baby for success, but do not forget to monitor his mood and physical condition.

Exercises for the development of fine motor skills of hands for children from 0 to 2 years

1. "Forty-white-sided"

First, the adult runs his finger along the child’s palm and says: “Magpie cooks porridge.” Then the baby himself begins to drive his finger along the palm. We complicate the game: on the phrase “I gave this,” the adult alternately bends the child’s fingers to the palm, except for the little finger: “But I didn’t give it.” Slightly shaking it, we say with a playful reproach: “You didn’t carry water ...”, etc.

white-sided magpie
cooked porridge,
She fed the kids.
I gave this
I gave this
I gave this
I gave this
But she didn't give it:
"You didn't carry water,
Didn't cut wood
Didn't cook porridge
You have nothing."

2. "Pancakes"

Take the baby's hands in your hands and clap your hands. Show your child the movements and ask them to repeat them.

Sweets, sweets,
Sound crackers.
Clapped their hands
They clapped a little.

3. "Okay"

Read the nursery rhyme and at the same time accompany the words with gestures

Sweeties, sweeties!

(Show the baby your palms.)

Where were you?
By Grandma.
What did they eat?
Porridge.
What did they drink?
Brazhka.

(Clap your hands.)

Butter bowl,
Brazhka sweetie,
Grandma is good.
Drink, eat!
Shu - fly!
They sat on the head.

(Raise your hands up, turning your palms to the right and left, then lower them with a “house” on your head.)

4. "House"

This is a house.

(Put both palms together.)

This is the roof.

(Join your palms and interlace your fingers.)

And the pipe is even higher.

(Raise all fingers up without disengaging them.)

5. "Hide and Seek"

Fingers play hide-and-seek,
Open-va-yut-sya,

(Raising your palm, spread all your fingers.)

Close-va-yut-sya.

(Put your fingers together and make a fist.)

6. Bunnies

Place all fingers of one hand on the table.

The bunnies went out into the meadow,
We got into a small circle.
One bunny, two bunnies, three bunnies,
Four bunnies, five...

(Count the bunny.)

Let's kick our toes.

(Tap all fingers on the table together or apart.)

They knocked, they knocked
And tired.
Sat down to rest.

(Bend your fingers into a fist.)

7. "Hello, finger"

Alternately touch the index, middle, ring fingers and little finger to the thumb.

Hello dear finger
Here we met with you.

8. "Strong fingers"

Bend your fingers and invite your baby to do the same. Then take it by the fingers and pull them each in your direction.

Massage of the palms and fingers for children from 0 to 2 years

Finger massage is very useful for a small child. Fingers are closely connected with the brain and internal organs: little finger - with the heart, ring finger - with the liver, middle - with the intestines and spine, index - with the stomach, large - with the brain.

1. Take the baby's palm and carefully massage each finger, starting with the little finger. Perform massage movements from the nail phalanx to the palm, paying attention to each joint.

2. Massage the baby's fingertips, making light pressure on them.

3. Massage the baby's palms with circular movements of the index finger.

4. Take the child's hand in your hand and lightly press the thumb to make circular motions in the center of the palm.

5. Massage your fingers with the circular spiral massager. Put the massager on the baby's finger and massage the fingers up and down in the same sequence (starting with the little finger).

6. Take two massage brushes and run them over the palms of the child. His hands are on his knees, palms up.

Exercises for the development of fine motor skills of hands for children from 2 years

1. "Fisherman"

Pour water into a bowl and throw a few small items there: pieces of cork, twigs, large beads, etc. Invite the baby to use a small sieve tied to a stick to catch all these items in turn and put them on a plate standing on a tray on the right from a bowl. The "fishing rod" the baby should hold with one hand.

2. "Track"

Make a path on the table 3-5 cm wide, bounded on both sides by strips of paper. Invite the baby to sprinkle it with semolina or millet. Groats should be taken with three fingers and try not to spill over the edges of the track.

3. "Magic spoon"

Put two cups on a tray: on the left - a cup with cereals, and on the right - an empty one. By moving the child's hand, show him how to take the cereal with a spoon. Gently bring the spoon to the empty cup and tilt it over it. Task: pour all the cereal from the left cup into the right one.

4. "Sweet tea"

Your baby can already put sugar in his tea on his own. Now teach him to stir the sugar in the mug.

5. Salute

The child takes small pieces of colored paper and tries to tear them as small as possible. He puts the torn pieces on a saucer. Then you need to take all the pieces in the palm of your hand and throw them up.

6. "Make a ball"

Give the child a sheet of paper. His task: to crumple the sheet so that a tight lump is obtained.

7. "Spyglass"

The child takes a sheet of A4 paper and folds it with both hands into a tube, after which he brings the tube to the eye and examines the surrounding objects into it.

8. "Collect sticks"

Scatter the counting sticks in front of the child. The kid must collect them all one by one back into the box.

Massage of the palms and fingers with a prickly massage ball

1. The ball is between the palms of the child, the fingers are pressed to each other. Make massage movements by rolling the ball back and forth.

2. The ball is between the palms of the child, the fingers are pressed to each other. Make circular motions by rolling the ball over your palms.

3. Holding the ball with your fingertips, rotate forward (as if you were screwing on a lid).

4. Holding the ball with your fingertips, press them firmly on the ball (4-6 times).

5. Holding the ball with your fingertips, rotate back (as if opening a lid).

6. Throw the ball with both hands to a height of 20-30 cm and catch it.

7. Hold the ball between the palms, the fingers are clasped in a “lock”, the elbows are directed to the sides. Press your palms on the ball (4-6 times).

8. Shift the ball from one hand to the other, gradually increasing the pace.

Exercises for the development of fine motor skills of hands for children 3 years old

1. "Labyrinth"

Draw a maze on a piece of paper. Let the baby pass over it with a pencil or just a finger. To make it more interesting for the child to complete the task, you can come up with a little fairy tale: tell where this labyrinth leads, to whom, who should go through it.

2. "Beads"

It develops the baby’s hand well by stringing buttons, beads, pasta, dryers, etc. on a fishing line or thread. Start with items that have a wider hole - so at first it will be easier for the baby to master this task.

3. "Walk the path"

Draw a simple path on a sheet in a large cell. Ask your child to circle it with a finger, a colored pencil. If the child copes with this task, draw a more difficult path.

4. "Figures"

From the age of 3, children can already be taught to cut geometric shapes with scissors and stick them on a sheet of paper. It is important that the scissors have rounded ends, that is, they are safe.

5. "Surprise"

Wrap the badge in 4-5 candy wrappers. Ask your child to unfold all the candy wrappers and fold them neatly.

6. "Pegs on a basket"

Place a basket of clothespins on the table. Take the clothespin with three fingers and attach it to the edge of the basket. Have your child do the same. After the baby has mastered this, invite him to attach all the clothespins.

7. "Colorful clothespins"

On the table is a basket with colorful clothespins. Ask the child to attach a white, red, blue, green ... color clothespin to the edge of the basket with three fingers.

8. "Treat"

Invite your child to mold treats for toys from plasticine (drying, bagels, gingerbread, cookies, sweets) and decorate them with cereals, beads, etc. Cut out plates from thick cardboard and ask the child to arrange the prepared treats beautifully on them.

finger games

A very important part of the development of fine motor skills are finger games, which activate the work of the child's brain, contribute to the development of speech and help prepare the hand for writing.

During these games, children develop dexterity, the ability to control their actions and concentrate on one type of activity.

By the age of 5, children are already learning to perform tasks that require sufficient accuracy and coordination of hand movements.

All the exercises suggested here should be performed at a slow pace, 3 to 5 times, first with one and then with the other hand. Make sure they are done correctly. Do the exercises for a few minutes, 2-3 times a day.

1. "Kitten"

Squeeze and unclench the fingers of both hands.

You, kitten, are not food!
You better look for your mom.

2. "Squirrel"

Unbend all fingers one by one, starting with the thumb. First do the exercise with your right hand, and then with your left.

A squirrel sits on a cart
She sells nuts
fox-sister,
Sparrow, titmouse,
Bear fat-fifth,
Mustachioed hare.

3. "Tsap-scratch"

The child puts his hand on top of yours. You read a poem, and the baby listens attentively to you. At the words “tac-scratch”, he must pull back the handle so that his fingers do not fall into your “trap”. Then the other hand comes into play. After a while, you can switch roles.

On the palm, on the path
Little cat walks
In small paws
Hid the scratches.
If you suddenly want -
Sharpens claws.
Tsap-scratch!

4. "Funny fingers"

Clench your fingers into a fist. Unbend them one by one, starting with the big one. Then turn the brush to the right and left 5 times.

Thumb - danced
Index - jumped,
Middle finger - squatted
Nameless - everything was spinning,
And the little finger was having fun.

5. "Fan"

Keep your palms in front of you, fingers pressed ("fan closed"). Spread widely, and then press your fingers together (“open and close the fan”). Wave your brushes towards you and away from you (“we fan ourselves”) 6-8 times.

6. "Peacock"

Attach all fingers of the left hand to the thumb. Place the palm of your right hand with open fingers on the back of your left hand ("peacock's tail"). Connect and spread your fingers ("peacock opens and closes the tail").

At the cheerful peacock
Fruit basket full.
A peacock is waiting for friends to visit,
For now, there is only one peacock.

7. "Butterfly"

Clench your fingers into a fist. Alternately straighten the little finger, ring and middle fingers, and connect the thumb and forefinger into a ring. With straightened fingers, make quick movements (“the butterfly flaps its wings”) - first with one, then with the other hand.

8. “Stand up for exercises!«

Bend your fingers to the palm one by one, starting with the little finger. Then with your thumb touch all the others, as if raising them to charge. After that, do exercises - squeeze and unclench the fist 5 times.

Fifth finger - fast asleep.
The fourth finger was just dozing.
The third finger fell asleep.
The second finger was yawning.
The first finger stood up cheerfully,
Picked up everyone.

Exercises for the development of fine motor skills of hands for children 3-4 years old

1. "Cones on a plate"

Invite your child to roll pine, spruce, and cedar cones on a plate. First let him roll one bump, then two, three, etc.

2. Circle the object

You can circle everything that comes to hand: the bottom of a glass, an inverted saucer, your own palm, a spoon, etc.

3. "Magic pattern"

Poke holes in thick cardboard with an awl or nail - they should be arranged in a certain order and represent a geometric figure, pattern or pattern. Let the kid independently embroider a pattern with a thick needle with a bright thread.

4. "Sew on a button"

Show your child how to sew on a button. After that, let the baby do the same under your supervision.

5. "Colorful snowflakes"

Show your child how to make paper snowflakes. Once your child is able to cut out the snowflake, ask him to color it. Let the child cut out a few more snowflakes and color them as well.

6. "Lace up your shoe"

Show your child how to lace up a shoe different ways. First, lace up the boot with it. Once your toddler has mastered the lacing technique, ask him to lace up the boot himself.

7. "Magic pipette"

Invite your child to play wizard. On a piece of paper, paint a few multi-colored spots with paints. Show your child how to use the dropper to drop only one drop. After that, let him drop a drop of water on each colored spot. Then watch with your child how the spot will grow and turn into a pattern.

8. "Little Apothecary"

Tell your child about the work of a pharmacist. Then show him how to use tweezers to lay out and shift the beads from place to place. In the game, you can use beads of different sizes.

Massage of palms and fingers with natural materials

For children 4 years old, you can offer a massage using pine, spruce, cedar cones, walnuts, hazelnuts.

1. "Twist the bump"

Take a pinecone and put it between your baby's palms. Ask the child to spin the bump (like a wheel) in different directions for about 2-3 minutes.

2. "Roll the bump"

First, the exercise is performed with one spruce cone, then with two. Rotate the bumps between your palms for 1-3 minutes.

3. "Catch a bump"

Take any bump. Ask the child to throw it up with both hands, and then catch it with both hands as well. After the baby has mastered this exercise, you can complicate it: toss and catch the bump with one hand; throw a bump with your right hand, and catch it with your left - and vice versa. The duration of the exercise is 2 minutes.

4. "Walnut"

Roll the nut on the palm of your right hand, then on the back of your left hand. The duration of the exercise is approximately 3 minutes.

5. "Sprinkle nuts"

Pour a handful of hazelnuts from one hand to the other. The duration of the exercise is 1-2 minutes.

6. "Nuts on a tray"

Place a handful of hazelnuts on a tray. Roll the nuts with the palms of your hands and the backs of your hands. The duration of the exercise is 1-2 minutes.

7. "Grains"

Here you can use a variety of cereals: buckwheat, rice, millet, etc. And the exercises can also be very different: squeeze the grains in a fist, pour them from one hand to another, mix in a deep bowl, etc. The duration of each exercise is 3 minutes.

8. "Affectionate feather"

Draw the pen across the surface of the palms and the back of the child's hands. The duration of the exercise is 3 minutes.

Working with plasticine

Here you will need several copies of the figures in this section. This will allow your baby to acquire the skill of accurately working with plasticine. You can arrange an exhibition of his best works.

You will need plasticine of different colors.

1. "Snowman"

Invite your child to decorate the snowman with plasticine. Let the kid work hard and smear the plasticine with his fingers, without going beyond the boundaries of the outline of the picture.

Exercises for the development of fine and gross motor skills

Exercises for the development of tactile sensitivity and complexly coordinated movements of the fingers and hands.

1. The child lowers his hands into a vessel filled with some kind of homogeneous filler (water, sand, various cereals, pellets, any small objects). 5 - 10 minutes, as it were, mixes the contents. Then he is offered a vessel with a different filler texture. After several tests, the child, with his eyes closed, lowers his hand into the proposed vessel and tries to guess its contents, without feeling its individual elements with his fingers.

2. Recognition of figures, numbers or letters "written" on the right and left hand.

3 Identification of an object, letters, numbers by touch alternately with the right and left hand. A more complex option - the child feels the proposed object with one hand, and sketches it with the other hand (with open eyes).

4. Plasticine molding of geometric shapes, letters, numbers. For school-age children, modeling not only block letters, but also capital letters. Then the recognition of the stuck together letters with closed eyes.

5. Starting position - sitting on your knees and on your heels. The arms are bent at the elbows, the palms are turned forward. The thumb is opposed to the rest. At the same time, with both hands, two slaps are made with each finger on the thumb, starting from the second to the fifth and back.

6. "Elastic band". For this exercise, you can use an elastic band for hair with a diameter of 4-5 centimeters. All fingers are inserted into the elastic. The task is to move the elastic band 360%, first in one direction and then in the other direction, with the movements of all fingers. It is performed first with one, then with the other hand.

7. Rolling the pencil between the fingers from the thumb to the little finger and back alternately with each hand.

8. The game "Colorful snowflakes" (age - 4 years). It is aimed at the development of fine motor skills of the hands, the formation of accuracy.

Materials: felt-tip pens, white paper, scissors.

The host shows how to make snowflakes from sheets of paper by cutting through them. After the children make many different snowflakes, he says that the snowflakes turned out to be different, but the same color. Then friends-felt-tip pens came and gave the snowflakes multi-colored dresses. The host asks the children to color the snowflakes.

Because snowflakes are openwork, it is necessary that the paper be stronger. Painting movements affect the development of fine motor skills of the hands.

9. "Repeat the movement" (a variant of the game by B. P. Nikitin "Monkeys")

An adult, sitting opposite the child, makes some "figure" with the fingers of his hand (some fingers are bent, some are straightened - any combination). The child must bring the fingers of his hand to exactly the same position - repeat the "figure". The task here is complicated by the fact that he still needs to mirror it (after all, an adult is sitting opposite). If this task causes difficulties for the child, then you can first practice by doing the exercise while sitting next to (and not in front of the child). So it will be easier for him to copy the position of the fingers.

10. Drawing games.

If a child has poorly developed fine motor skills and it is difficult for him to learn to write, then you can play games with drawing. Let's say, race around squares or circles, or move along a pre-drawn maze (the most interesting thing is when a child draws a maze for a parent, and a parent for a child. And everyone tries to draw more intricately). Now on sale there are many different stencils of various geometric shapes, animals, but, in principle, they are easy to make by yourself.

11. Games with household items.

The advantage of the games below for the development of fine motor skills in children is that they do not require any special toys, manuals, etc. The games use improvised materials that are in any home: clothespins, buttons, beads, cereals, etc.

Take a bright tray. Scatter any small cereal on a tray in a thin even layer. Run your child's finger over the rump. Get a bright contrasting line. Let the kid draw some chaotic lines himself. Then try to draw some objects together (fence, rain, waves), letters, etc.

Choose buttons of different colors and sizes. First, lay out the drawing yourself, then ask the baby to do the same on their own. After the child learns to complete the task without your help, invite him to come up with his own versions of the drawings. From a button mosaic, you can lay out a tumbler, a butterfly, a snowman, balls, beads, etc.

Give your child a round hair brush. The child rolls the brush between the palms, saying:

"At the pine, at the fir, the Christmas tree
Very sharp needles.
But even stronger than the spruce forest,
The juniper will prick you."

Take the grate for the sink (usually it consists of many cells). The child walks with his index and middle fingers, like legs, along these cells, trying to take steps on each stressed syllable. You can “walk” alternately with one or the other hand, or you can use both at the same time, saying:

"We wandered in the zoo,
Each cell was approached
And they looked at everyone:
Bear cubs, wolf cubs, beavers.

We take a dumpling. Its surface, as you remember, looks like a honeycomb. The kid with two fingers (index and middle) depicts a bee flying over honeycombs:

"Fingers, like bees, fly through the honeycomb
And they enter each one with a check: what is there?
Will there be enough honey for all of us until spring,
To avoid hungry dreams?

Pour 1 kg of peas or beans into the pan. The child puts his hands in there and depicts how the dough is kneaded, saying:

"Knead, knead the dough,
There is room in the oven.
Will-will be from the oven
Buns and rolls."

Pour dry peas into a mug. For each stressed syllable, the child transfers the peas one by one to another mug. First with one hand, then with both hands at the same time, alternately with the thumb and middle fingers, thumb and ring finger, thumb and little finger. Any quatrains are chosen.

Pour the peas on a saucer. The child takes a pea with his thumb and forefinger and holds it with his other fingers (as when picking berries), then he takes the next pea, then another and another - so he picks up a whole handful. You can do this with one or two hands.

We put two corks from plastic bottles on the table with the thread up. This is skiing. Index and middle fingers stand in them like legs. We move on "skis", taking a step for each stressed syllable:

"We are skiing, we are racing down the mountain,
We love the fun of the cold winter."

You can try to do the same with both hands at the same time.

The child collects matches (or counting sticks) with the same fingers of different hands (pads): two index, two middle, etc.

We build a "log house" from matches or counting sticks. The higher and smoother the frame, the better.

With a clothespin (check on your fingers that it is not too tight), we alternately "bite" the nail phalanges (from the index to the little finger and back) on the stressed syllables of the verse:

"A silly kitten bites hard,
He thinks it's not a finger, but a mouse. (Change of hands.)
But I'm playing with you baby
And if you bite, I'll tell you: "Shoo!".

We take a rope (thick as a child's little finger) and tie 12 knots on it. The child, sorting through the nodes with his fingers, names the month of the year in order for each node. You can make similar devices from beads, buttons, etc.

We pull the rope at the level of the child’s shoulders and give him a few clothespins. For each stressed syllable, the child hooks a clothespin to a rope:

"I'll pinch the clothespins deftly
I'm on my mother's rope."

The child crumples, starting from the corner, a handkerchief (or a plastic bag) so that it all fits in the fist.

The child rolls a walnut between his palms and says:

"I roll my nut,
To become rounder than everyone."

The child holds two walnuts in one hand and rotates them one around the other.

12. Games - lacing Maria Montessori:

Develop sensorimotor coordination, fine motor skills of hands;
- develop spatial orientation, contribute to the understanding of the concepts of "above", "below", "right", "left";
- form lacing skills (lacing, tying a lace on a bow);
- contribute to the development of speech;
- develop creative abilities.

In games with lacing, the eye, attention also develops, fingers and the entire hand are strengthened (fine motor skills), and this, in turn, affects the formation of the brain and the development of speech. And also, which is not unimportant, Montessori lacing games indirectly prepare the hand for writing and develop perseverance.

Not only tiny kids learn the world with "hands" - toys that require the work of the hand, fingers are also useful for older children. Almost a hundred years ago, Maria Montessori gave her children pieces of leather with holes and laces - and she develops her hands, and teaches to concentrate, and will come in handy in life. We, unlike Montessori, do not have to sit with scissors and rags. You can just buy a "lacing game" - a set of multi-colored laces and a shoe, a button, a "piece of cheese" or some other wooden thing with holes. Sometimes a wooden needle is also attached to them. Imagine how nice it is for a girl to get a forbidden needle and thread and become "just like mom."

It should be remembered that the development of fine coordination of movements and manual skill presupposes a certain degree of maturity of brain structures, the control of hand movements depends on them, therefore, in no case should a child be forced.

How can you explain the fact that there are so many lacing toys now? After all, the current parents did not have such toys in childhood, nevertheless, they grew up normal people. There is confusion, why is all this necessary?

It turns out that the majority of modern children have a general motor lag, especially in urban children. Remember, now even kindergartens are asked to bring Velcro shoes so that educators do not take the trouble to teach a child to tie shoelaces. Even 20 years ago, parents, and with them children, had to do more with their hands: sort out cereals, wash clothes, knit, embroider. Now there is a car for every lesson.

The consequence of poor development of general motor skills, and in particular - hands, the general unpreparedness of most modern children for writing or problems with speech development. With a high degree of probability, we can conclude that if everything is not all right with speech, these are probably problems with motor skills.

However, even if the child's speech is normal, this does not mean at all that the child is well managed with his own hands. If at the age of 4-5 years, tying shoelaces causes difficulties for a child, and nothing is molded from plasticine except for balls and sausages, if at 6 years old sewing on a real button is an impossible and dangerous task, then your child is no exception.

Unfortunately, most parents learn about problems with coordination of movements and fine motor skills only before school. This turns into a forced load on the child: in addition to assimilating new information, one also has to learn to hold a pencil in naughty fingers.

More than anything Small child wants to move, for him movement is a way of knowing the world. This means that the more accurate and clear the children's movements are, the deeper and more meaningful the child's acquaintance with the world.

Development of general motor skills

Exercises to increase the level of activation.

These exercises increase the potential energy level of the child, enrich his knowledge of his own body, develop tactile sensitivity.

1. Self-massage of the auricles. The earlobe is clamped with the thumb and forefinger, then the ear is kneaded along the edge from the bottom up and back.

2. Self-massage of the lateral surfaces of the fingers.

3. Spreading your fingers, clap your hands several times so that the fingers of both hands touch. Then claps are performed with fists oriented with the back surface first up, then down, out, in.

4. Self-massage of the head. The fingers are slightly bent. With smooth stroking movements, both hands move from the ears to the top of the head.

5. Squeezing the hand with the palm of the opposite hand, massage it, moving the palm from the wrist and back, then from the shoulder to the elbow and back. The same with the other hand.

6. General foot massage. Stroking and rubbing the thighs, calves, toes, feet.

This block of exercises can include different kinds general and acupressure massages, exercises for the development of fine motor skills, walking barefoot on surfaces of various textures, etc.

Exercises aimed at regulating muscle tone.

The general principle of these exercises is a strong muscle tension followed by their relaxation.

1. "Boat". The child lies on his back, stretching his arms above his head. On command, simultaneously raises straight legs, arms and head. The pose is held for as long as possible. Then a similar exercise is performed, lying on the stomach.

2. Starting position - lying on your back, legs together, hands at the seams. The head is raised above the floor so that the child can see the toes. The pose is held for as long as possible.

3. I.p. - lying on the stomach, hands behind the head, elbows apart. The upper part of the body rises, the legs lie on the floor.

4. "Snowman". Starting position - standing. Children are invited to imagine that they are a newly made snowman. The body should be very tense, like frozen snow. The leader can try the "snowman" for strength, slightly pushing it from different sides. Then the snowman should gradually melt, turning into a puddle. First, the head "melts", then the shoulders, arms, back, legs. Then the option to "melt" is offered, starting with the legs.

5. "Tree". The child sits on his haunches, his head is hidden in his knees, his knees are wrapped around his hands. This is a seed that, gradually germinating, turns into a tree. Children very slowly rise to their feet, straighten their torso, stretch their arms up. The body is tense, "the tree reaches for the sun." From a strong gust of wind, the "tree" should break. The child bends sharply at the waist, relaxing upper part trunk, arms and head, while the lower part of the body should remain tense and motionless.

6. The child lies on his back, legs bent at the knees, feet on the floor, arms extended along the body. Within a minute, the legs run, strongly stamping on the floor, the upper body and head remain motionless. After completing the exercise, the child lies relaxed with his eyes closed. The facilitator can conduct a relaxation session.

7. "Koschei the immortal". Starting position - sitting on the floor on your knees and on your heels (after mastering the exercise while sitting, you can move on to standing ip). Hands are spread apart. The arms are bent at the elbows and hanging freely, while the shoulders and elbows are on the same straight line parallel to the floor. If it is difficult for a child to perform this exercise, at the first stage, you can help him fix the desired position with the help of gymnastic stick. Further, the leader randomly pushes the relaxed part of one and the other hand, achieving their free swing.

8. "Puppets". Children imagine that they are puppets, which are suspended by different parts of the body. The part of the body for which the doll is suspended is tense and does not move. Everything else is relaxed and dangling. The doll begins to pull the string at a different pace.

9. "Cams". The child bends his arms at the elbows and begins to squeeze and unclench his hands, gradually increasing the pace. It is performed until the maximum fatigue of the hands. After that, the hands are relaxed and shaken.

10. "Egg". For this exercise, you need a fairly large strong sheet that is spread on the floor. The child squats down, hides his head in his knees and wraps his arms around his knees. The facilitator gathers the sheet so that the child is in the "egg" and firmly holds the edges of the sheet above the head of the "chicken", while starting to swing the "egg" from side to side. Swinging continues for 3-5 minutes until total relaxation. Then the "chicken" should "hatch out of the shell", actively working with the head, elbows and trying to straighten the whole body. At the same time, the leader keeps the child in the "egg" for 1-2 minutes.

Exercises for the development of gross motor skills, the formation of simultaneous and reciprocal sensorimotor interactions, the feeling of the boundaries of one's body and its position in space.

1. "Log". From a supine position (legs together, arms extended above the head), roll over several times, first in one direction, then in the other direction.

2. "Kolobok". Lying on your back, pull your knees to your chest, wrap your arms around them, pull your head to your knees. In this position, roll several times, first in one direction, then in the other direction.

3. "Letter in the air." I.p. - lying on your back, arms stretched forward in front of the chest. At the same time (in one direction) hands in the air "prescribe" letters, numbers, as well as whole words. The same technique is used when correcting a letter - when letters are omitted, their replacements, "mirror" spelling and other errors. At the same time, at first, the teacher can, together with the child, perform necessary exercises taking his palms in theirs.
This technique also helps to remove the child's fear of a school board or notebook.

4. Drawing on a board, a sheet of paper with both hands at the same time. Both hands first move in one direction, then in opposite directions. First, the child draws straight lines - vertical, horizontal, oblique, perpendicular; then various circles, ovals, triangles, squares.

5. I.p. - sitting on your knees and on your heels. The hands are on the knees. One hand is clenched into a fist, thumb out. Unclenched. Clenches into a fist, thumb inward. Unclenched. The other hand is motionless. We change hands. The same with both hands together. Then the phases of movement are shifted (one
hand is clenched, the other is unclenched at the same time). With a good assimilation of this exercise, you can add tongue and eye movements in various combinations.

6. I.p. - sitting on your knees and on your heels. The hands are on the knees. Fist - rib - palm movements are performed alternately with each hand. After mastering, the same exercise is performed on a canopy, arms bent at the elbows.

7. And p. - sitting on your knees (standing). Hands are bent at the elbows. One hand performs a fist-palm movement, the other simultaneously performs a fist-rib-palm movement. After mastering, various oculomotor exercises are added.

8. I.p. - lying on your back, legs together, straight arms extended above your head. The right arm and right leg are bent, the elbow touches the knee. We return to the I.P. We repeat the same with the left hand and left foot. Then the exercise is done on the opposite side of the left foot and right hand and vice versa.

9. I.p. - lying on your back. Legs bent at the knees stand on the floor, arms folded in a boat and stretched up in front of you. We put our folded hands on the floor on one side of the body (while the hand “creeps” on the other hand from above), and the legs on the other side. At the same time, we move our arms and legs to the opposite side.

10. I.p. - lying on your back. Legs straight, arms to the sides. One leg is bent at the knee, raised and retracted outward (or inward), placed on the floor. Returns to original position. The same with the other leg. Then two legs work at the same time.

11. I.p. - sitting on your knees (standing). For this exercise, you need a tight, but not elastic, oblong object (rag "sausage"). The host throws an object to the child, the child catches it, while moving only his arms. Then the object must be caught with one hand. When the exercise is mastered, the child is given the task to alternately close one or the other eye, catching the object either with the right or with the left hand.

12. From the position lying on the stomach, we depict a caterpillar: the arms are bent at the elbows, the palms rest on the floor at shoulder level; straightening your arms, lie down on the floor, then bend your arms, raise your pelvis and pull your knees to your elbows.

13. Crawling on the stomach. First, in a plastunsky way. Then only on the hands, the legs are relaxed. Then only with the help of the legs, hands behind the back (in the last stages, hands behind the head, elbows to the side).

14. Crawling on the stomach with the help of hands. In this case, the leg from the knee rises vertically upwards (simultaneously with the leading hand, then with the opposite one).

15. Crawling on the back without the help of arms and legs ("Worm").

16. Crawling on all fours. Crawling forward, backward, right and left with the simultaneous advancement of the arms and legs of the same name, then the opposite arms and legs. In this case, the hands are first parallel to each other; then they cross, that is, when moving with each step, the right hand goes behind the left, then the left goes behind the right, etc. When mastering these exercises, you can put re
put a flat object (book) on the shoulders of the bank, and set the task not to drop it. At the same time, the smoothness of movements is worked out, the sensation of the position of one's body in space improves.

17. Working out combined movements of the eyes, tongue, head, arms and legs while crawling on all fours.

18. "Spider". The child sits on the floor, puts his hands a little behind him, bends his legs at the knees and rises above the floor, leaning on his palms and feet. He walks simultaneously with his right hand and right foot, then with his left hand and left foot (the exercise is performed in four directions - forward, backward, right, left). The same, only opposite hand and foot are walking at the same time. After mastering, movements of the head, eyes and tongue are added in various combinations.

19. "Elephant". The child stands on four limbs so that the weight is evenly distributed between the arms and legs. Simultaneous steps with the right side, then the left. At the next stage, the legs are parallel, and the arms are crossed. Then arms parallel, legs crossed.

20. "Goslings". A "goose" step with a straight back is practiced in four directions (forward, backward, right, left). The same with a flat object on the head. After working out, multidirectional movements of the head, tongue, and eyes are included.

21. Step in place. The child marches in place, raising his knees high. The arms hang along the body.

22. I.p. - standing, straight arms extended forward. One hand palm up, the other down. The child begins to march, changing the position of the palms with each step. The same, but change of palms after a step, then after two. After mastering, various oculomotor exercises are added in various combinations.

23. I.p. - standing on all fours. The child straightens and lifts one leg above the floor, takes it first to one side, then to the other side. The rest of the body is motionless. The same with closed eyes. After mastering, simultaneously with the leg, the opposite hand is extended forward. Then eponymous.

24. I.p. - standing on one leg, arms along the body. Closing your eyes, keep your balance as long as possible. Then we change legs. After mastering, you can connect various finger and other movements.

25. "Swallow". I.P. - standing on one leg, the second leg is extended back parallel to the floor, the torso is tilted forward, arms to the sides. The same with closed eyes. Change leg.

26. "Log" on the wall. I.p. - standing, legs together, straight arms extended above the head, back in contact with the wall. The child makes several turns, first in one direction, then in the other so as to constantly touch the wall. The same with closed eyes.

27. Stand against the wall, feet shoulder-width apart, palms resting on the wall at eye level; move along the wall to the right (3-5 meters), and then to the left. The same with a side step - the arm and leg of the same name move (hands parallel to the legs). Then the opposite arm and leg. The same with a cross step with a cross of arms (the arm and leg of the same name move).

28. "Repeat the movement" (a variant of the game by B. P. Nikitin "Monkeys").

The leader (adult) makes some movements: crouches, raises his hands up, claps his hands - and the children must repeat them after him. The pace of movement can be either slowed down or accelerated. To also connect attention training, you can enter "forbidden movements" (some movement cannot be repeated), or "replacement of movements" (when some movement needs to be replaced with another, for example, when the leader jumps, then the children should sit down).

Exercises for the development of spatial representations.

1. "38 parrots". The child is invited to remember a cartoon about an elephant, a monkey and a boa constrictor. Then it is proposed to measure several objects or distances using various parts of your body. Following this, the child is given small objects (letters, numbers) and asked to arrange them so that there is a distance between them in his palm, and from each of them to the edge of the table - his index finger. It is recommended to offer as much as possible large quantity options for the location of objects (at the distance of the foot, from the knee to the heel, from the elbow to the hand, etc.).

2. "Markers". Marked left hand child with a bracelet, bell, bright cloth, etc.

3. Each of the directions is fixed by a certain movement. For example: "up" - jump, "down" - crouch, "right" - jump with a turn to the right, "left" - jump with a turn to the left.

4. "Mirror". The exercise is performed either in a pair with a leader or two children. At the first stage, the exercise is performed in a sitting position on your knees and on your heels. First, the leader makes slow movements with one hand, then the other, then both. The child mirrors the leader's movements. When the exercise is mastered, you can move to a standing position and connect the movements of the whole body.

5. "TV". This exercise is similar to the previous one, only the movements are repeated with the same hand that the leader shows (if the leader takes the left ear with the right hand, the child also takes the left ear with the right hand).

6. "Find the treasure." A toy or candy is hidden in the room. The child must find it, focusing on the leader's commands (the leader says: "take two steps forward, one to the right ...", etc.). The item found by the child is given to him.

7. Graphic dictations on leaflets in a box.

8. Copying drawn figures of varying degrees of complexity.

9. Drawing up plans by the child (rooms, apartments, etc.)

10. The teacher draws a plan according to which the child must find an object in a room or building.

Group games.

1. Any games like "The sea worries once, the sea worries two, the sea worries three, the marine figure freezes in place."

2. "Rhythm in a circle." Children sit in a circle on their knees and on their heels. The number of participants in the circle should not be a multiple of three. The first child claps his hands once, the next - twice, the next - three times, the next one again, etc. The leader sets a different pace of the game, changes the direction of the game (either clockwise or counterclockwise).

Further, the exercise becomes more difficult. Children sit in a semicircle. The teacher taps out some kind of rhythm. Children on command repeat it (individually or all together). When the rhythm is mastered, the children receive the command: "Let's clap this rhythm as follows. Everyone takes turns beating one clap of the given rhythm. From left to right. When the rhythm ends, the next one in the circle waits a short pause and starts over. And so on until the command "Stop" . Late with his clap, did not pause, made an extra clap receives a penalty point. "

3. "Blind sculptor". The driver is blindfolded. The teacher puts one of the participants in the game in any position. This is a sitter. The driver must feel the figure offered to him and "blind" from another child exactly the same (not a mirror one). Then you can increase the number of sitters (compose sculptural groups of two or three people). It is very important that after the end of his work, the "sculptor" with open eyes could correct the mistakes made.

4. "Zoo". The child depicts various animals or birds. The rest of the group must guess my animal.

5. Children stand in a circle; through one, you need to squat, then jump, then bend over at a fast pace.

6. "Okay". Children stand opposite each other in pairs, arms bent at the elbows rise to the shoulders in such a way that the palms of both hands "look" at the partner's palms. Children first clap with their own hands, return their hands to their original position. Then clap on the partner's hands. Initial position. Handmade cotton. I.p. Clap with the right hand on the right hand of the partner. I.p. Handmade cotton.
I.p. Clap with the left hand on the left hand of the partner. Repeat the cycle, gradually increasing the pace, until one of the partners mixes up the sequence.

7. Etudes on "Coordinated actions": sawing firewood, rowing, winding threads, tug of war, playing an imaginary ball, etc. Children need to constantly remember about the consistency of actions and the appropriateness of the distribution of movements. These etudes are worked out first in pairs, then as a whole group.

8. "Claps". Children move freely around the room. For one clap of the leader, they should jump, for two - to sit down, for three - to stand up with their hands up (or any other movement options).

9. "Canon". Children stand one behind the other in such a way that their hands rest on the shoulders of the person in front. Having heard the first signal (by agreement), the first child raises his right hand. On the second signal, the second child raises his left hand, on the third - the third raises his right, etc. Then, similarly, the hands go down.

10. "Pass the ball." The game is played in the form team competition. Children in each team stand at the back of each other's heads at arm's length. The first passes the ball to the second from above the head, the second to the third - from below between the legs, etc. Another option is to pass the ball from the side with the body turning either to the right or to the left. The third option is a combination.

11. "Steam locomotive". Children are divided into teams of 4-5 people, line up with a train in the back of each other's head (the one standing behind holds the one in front by the waist). Everyone closes their eyes, except for the first ones, who slowly begin to move. Their task is to drive the "locomotive" carefully, silently, avoiding obstacles without colliding with others; the task of the rest is to “listen” as much as possible to the one standing in front, most accurately repeat the changes in his movements, thereby ensuring the accurate transmission of information to those standing behind.

At the command of the teacher, the children stop, the first one stands at the end of the locomotive, etc., until everyone is in the role of the leader.

Complicating the exercise: the children stand one after another on all fours, holding the one in front by the ankles. The right arm and right leg move simultaneously, then the left arm and left leg. The "head" first gives commands aloud, then continues to move in silence. The team whose movements were more coordinated wins.

12. Display of poems. A member of the group shows a well-known poem or fable in pantomime, the rest must guess the name of the work.

13. Children are divided into two teams. The first child, with his eyes closed, feels the object offered to him or a word of several letters (letters from the children's magnetic alphabet are used). Then, with the help of pantomime, shows the next team member what item was presented to him. The next child calls this object to the third member of the team, he again shows it with the help of pantomime
the fourth, and the fourth, with his eyes closed, finds this object from those offered or makes up a word - the name of this object. Team members are constantly changing places. The team that guesses the most items correctly wins.

The development of fine motor skills in children: myths and truth about finger games, how to do finger gymnastics and finger games with preschoolers, exercises for the development of fine motor skills, massage of hands and fingers for the little ones.

Games and exercises for the development of fine motor skills especially needed by today's children. After all, now kids, unfortunately, do not train the movements of their fingers a little: on clothes and shoes they have Velcro instead of buttons or laces (this is how it is more convenient and faster for us adults), buttons on games, few of the children embroider, sew or knit, cut or burns, helps mom sort out cereals, wipe dust, wash toys or wash doll accessories. This change in the life situation of the development of children preschool age was also reflected in the development of fine motor skills of the hand, which had previously developed in everyday life, imperceptibly, without special training. Now the development of fine motor skills has begun to require special exercises and activities with kids.

It is believed that any exercise that develops fine motor skills develops speech and thinking. Does the child not speak or speak poorly? Assemble the puzzles, lace up, and the speech will appear! Do you want your baby to develop well? Develop your fingers, and the brain will develop much more efficiently. But this is not so, or not quite so. Let's try to understand and separate the truth from the myths. And also learn how to use fine motor skills exercises to really develop our little ones.

The development of fine motor skills in children: video

The development of fine motor skills, speech and thinking of the child.

It has become a classic statement that The development of the hand helps the development of the speech of the preschool child and develops thinking. And all educators and speech therapists know the words of M.M. Koltsov “There is every reason to consider the hand as an organ of speech - the same as the articulatory apparatus. From this point of view, the projection of the hand is another speech area of the brain. This provision entered pedagogy in the 70s of the 20th century and was substantiated both by the results of the experiment with children and by the anatomy of the brain (Brock's motor speech center and the center that controls finger motor skills are located nearby).

But families have always met and still meet in which they do a lot of development of fine motor skills with children, buy special toys and aids (laces, sorters, beads), but the result is not encouraging, and for some reason there is no shift in the development of speech and thinking.

And there are other families where they didn’t specifically engage in the development of fine motor skills and are not doing it, the child simply sculpts, draws, plays, helps his mother around the house, and everything is fine with fine motor skills, and the baby is clearly very quick-witted and with well-developed thinking and speech.

So special games are not a panacea? Or - here a seditious thought appears - we do not conduct them this way? Is there something we don't know? Yes this is true!

After all, finger games and exercises are just a tool. And you still need to know how to use it! After all, we also learn to use other tools - we learn to play the violin, sew on a sewing machine or crochet. If we try to play the Paganini violin without training and without special knowledge, we will not get the desired result from this.

And the basis of my story is scientific research on child development. I strongly advise experts to get acquainted with them in the book "15 myths about children's speech." The authors of the book are Oleg Igorevich Efimov, a pediatric neurologist, and Viktoria Leonidovna Efimova, a candidate of pedagogical sciences, a speech therapist. The book was published by the Dilya publishing house this year.

And for non-specialists - interested parents and educators - I will give the most important recommendations in this article. And I will share what I know and use in my work with children.

First fact. So, where did it all start. In the 1970s, research into the development of infants was carried out. Children from the Orphanage were divided into three subgroups. One subgroup of children sat in the arena, the second could easily crawl around the group room. And the third subgroup collected pyramids, stringed beads and did other exercises to develop fine motor skills with the experimenter. And the children of the third subgroup significantly surpassed their peers in development, they had a sharp jump in the development of speech. It turns out that "engage in the development of fine motor skills - and everything will be fine"? But it's not.

Second fact. The author of the book V.L. Efimova conducted another experiment in an orphanage in 2001. And he gave a completely different result. It turned out that children in the orphanage already at the age of one and a half eat soup with a spoon, fasten the buttons on their clothes themselves, do a lot of work with them - they endlessly collect pyramids, liners, sort them. But at the same time… they don’t speak!!! What is the reason? Maybe that's not how we communicate with kids? Or do finger games really not affect the development of speech and thinking so much? Did the fact that they just started talking to these kids affected the result of the previous experiment? And all the other subgroups of children did not have such communication with an adult experimenter, and therefore lagged behind in development?

Third fact. It turns out that the answer to the question can be given not by pedagogy, but by physiology! Scientists prove that at an early age, the primary center of speech in children is by no means Broca's center, but the anterior part of the cingulate gyrus, which means ... the development of the fingers does not directly affect the development of the child!?

What then influences? The limbic system is the center of a person's emotional life! So, does communication with an adult affect first of all? After all, we know how quickly kids grasp information in a state of joy and interest.

Modern biological studies make it possible to assume that Wernicke's and Broca's zones mature no earlier than the third or fourth year of a child's life (as we remember, it was the proximity of this very Broca's center to the motor control center that made it possible for scientists earlier to assume a great influence of finger games on the development of children's speech).

Scientific work in this direction is still underway, but what should we do at this time???

Fourth fact. The answer to all questions! And a key for educators and parents!

It turns out that it is not the fact of finger games and exercises that is important, but WHAT exercises and HOW are carried out with the baby. And therefore, either there will be a result of such games and exercises, or it will not be! And it depends on whether motor planning is involved in finger exercises and in games for the development of fine motor skills. What it is?

motor scheduling stands between an idea and action. There are automatic movements that do not require motor planning and are performed in a familiar way. And motor planning appears when a new task appears, when you need to use a new tool, when you need to do something unmastered, unusual in life.

Dear readers who attended our April "Educational Games Workshop" - remember the first webinar about the mechanisms of development of babies. And the concept of "zone of proximal development"? This is what we are talking about now. For those who were not at the webinar, by popular demand, I made a mailing list in which you can get a recording of it for free. To do this, you need to subscribe in the subscription form after the article.

It is known that in all children with developmental problems it is motor planning that is poorly developed. And this is precisely the root of all the troubles in many cases of developmental delay. But how can it be poorly developed if the baby has a lot of educational toys at home for the development of fine motor skills, there are pyramids, and laces, and beads for stringing? What is the answer?

As we already know motor planning appears in the case of new tasks, new unusual situations, new materials, new actions. The key word here is new, unusual! When a child already knows his only pyramid by heart, but collects it many times, even quickly collects it to the delight of all adults - this is not a new action! There is no motor planning here! When he plays the same lacing, this is also not motor planning, but almost a skill. After all, such a toy is no longer new to him, but is familiar! When he sees the same cards for many days, with which the adult performs the same actions, there is no motor planning here either! Namely, motor planning provides the developing effect of exercises!

So what is the conclusion. Where can we find our Key to Success?

It doesn't matter if it's done exercises for the development of fine motor skills, important what exercises we do with the child and How.
The main principle of conducting exercises and games for the development of fine motor skills is- if the baby has this movement quickly and easily, then we quickly do it, skip it and move on. But what if the exercise fails? Then we stop at it and work out this movement until the movements become easy, simple, fast, beautiful, clear. And we move on to the development of new movements.
It is necessary to do such complexes of exercises and games that are difficult for the child regularly until they are fully mastered, that is, every day (for 4-5 minutes).

Earlier in kindergartens there were special five-minute finger gymnastics before breakfast every day! It was when I started working, and I remember it very well. The kids did the same complex of finger gymnastics for at least one week, until they fully mastered it. Every day they got better and better. Now, for many years, there have been no such regular minutes in ordinary kindergartens, alas, or almost none. And finger gymnastics exists as a fragment of classes with children, and almost always exercises are given to children on different days of the week! And it happens that the exercises are too easy for children, which they already do so easily! But it is precisely in the regular gradual development of complex movements that the essence of such gymnastics lies.

The secret of successful fine motor skills training is already known. Now let's figure it out what is included in the development of fine motor skills and what exercises the child needs.

Why do you need to develop fine motor skills? What is the problem modern society and why was it not specifically developed before, and the children had no problems? Why are long cartoons harmful? What is thread painting and how to do it with children? You will learn about this in the video of the first educational channel.

What includes the development of fine motor skills in children under three years of age:

1. Grasping movements:

Capturing an object of various shapes with the whole palm with one hand or two hands (rattles, cubes, balls, etc.), for which it is necessary to take into account its shape, size, location, details.
Grasping an object or substance with a pinch (three fingers)
Capturing an object with two fingers - index and thumb (tweezer grip).

2. Development of correlative actions

The ability to combine two objects or two parts of one object (liners, sorters, pyramids, nesting dolls and other similar toys).

3. Development of finger movements - performing a variety of figures and finger movements(bunny, wolf, house, chair and others).

At first, these movements are clumsy, with errors, and over time they become more and more subtle and clear. It is also important to be able to imitate the movements that an adult shows.

These skills are developed not only in the process of special finger gymnastics, but also:

while putting on your clothes with buttons, buttons, zippers,
during labor assignments (from 3 years old - water, wipe dust, wipe the leaves of plants with a sponge, brush clothes and others),
in visual activity - drawing, modeling, application, design,
in games - dressing and undressing dolls in the game, using substitute items, making toys, attributes for your games, etc.

How to develop fine motor skills in children?

Development of fine motor skills: massage of hands and fingers for the smallest (up to a year).

Hand massage is done for the smallest children. He is uncomplicated. Here is the technique of such a massage, given by O. Prikhodko

pat baby's arms to the elbow towards the center six to eight times, separately for each arm. You need to iron both the inner and outer surface of the handle.
The fingers are dancing. Bend and unbend all the fingers of the handle at the same time except for the thumb (2-4 times on each handle).
Exercise "Klub". Draw spiral movements with your finger along the baby’s open palm from its center to the base of the fingers (recall the well-known nursery rhyme about the “magpie-crow”). After that, without interruption, the movement moves to the inside of the thumb. Draw such balls two to four times on each palm.
Exercise "We walk top-top" - point pressing with the thumb and forefinger of an adult. We press on the middle of the phalanx of each finger from the tip to the base. We say: "top-top, that's how we walk." You need to press in two planes: between the fingers and from the back of the palm. So massage all fingers 1-2 times. At the same time, we say nursery rhymes, rhymes, we talk with the baby.
Thumb exercise. Move your thumb to the side, and then return it to its place. You need to move your finger in three directions in turn: forward and backward, sideways - they returned to their original position, in a circle.
Stroke with light strokes each hand of the baby towards the center five to six times.

Development of fine motor skills: games and exercises for young children (from one to three years old)

Adviсe:

Games and exercises for the development of fine motor skills are difficult for toddlers and therefore should not be long.
They should be carried out in the game so that the baby is interested (to go through the cereal for Cinderella, help the hedgehog hide under his needles from the fox and other game situations).
If the movement fails, the fingers do not obey, then the game must be played repeatedly until the movement is easy, correct, and clear. In this case, you need to change the plot of the game, objects every time, bring in something new so that the child is passionate about the game and not tired of the monotony (first lay out a bridge for the dog out of small pebbles on plasticine. Next time lay out a path for the doll. In the third lay out a river for fish and so on).
All games and exercises for the development of fine motor skills should always take place in the presence of an adult in order to ensure the safety of such games.
Don't play games with buttons. They do not develop fine motor skills (no matter what their manufacturers say), but only distract the child.

List of exercises and games for the development of fine motor skills in children

1.Rubber pear(sold in a pharmacy). Choose a small pear. By pressing it, a stream of air is obtained, with which you can blow off a cotton wool or leaflet from the table. You can even play football, trying to drive the cotton wool into the goal with a jet of air. For children of the first year of life, a pear is not needed, this role is played by rubber toys - squeakers, playing with which the baby develops hand strength.
2.Kneading plasticine. Before sculpting a child of any age, be sure to let the plasticine knead. This is very useful exercise for the development of fine motor skills. In this regard, ordinary domestic plasticine is much more useful than soft imported one.
3. The game with raisins is always very joyful for both mother and child and useful for the whole family. Make dough, roll it out. Invite your child to decorate the dough with raisins. Show how to take the raisin correctly (“tweezer grip” with two fingers - thumb and forefinger). Show that the raisins should be laid out throughout the dough at a distance from each other. Then bake the resulting pie and eat it with the whole family! Joy is guaranteed!
4. Stringing rings on the pyramid rod (development of correlative hand movements). First, the baby learns to disassemble the pyramid toy (it's easier), and only then assemble it. Please note that even the smallest children easily remember the color sequence in the pyramid and collect it simply from memory, and not by comparing values. Therefore, if you want to teach them to compare the size of the rings and arrange them from largest to smallest in sequence, then you need a pyramid with rings of the same color!
5. Exercises with paper:

1) kneading - the development of hand strength (after that you get a “ball” that can be thrown into the basket from a distance),

2) tear (development of correlative movements) - we grab the sheet with the fingers of both hands and pull it in different directions. You get stripes. We put these strips in a box and make a “rain” by pouring our strips out of the box.

Important Tips:

- Offering the baby paper for this exercise, you should always show him where you can get the paper from. And they themselves should always take paper for this game only from this box. Otherwise, the baby will understand that you can tear everything that is around and tear books or something else you need. There is always a place for this exercise.

Don't let's tear up old books and magazines. Any game we bring up attitude to life. And this is an example of unacceptable handling of the book. In addition, printing ink is not at all useful for young children.

- You can give old rolls of wallpaper for this exercise.

3) make applications from paper balls (crumple the paper, tear it into strips, then tear the strips into squares, roll each square on the palm into a ball, a silhouette is laid out with balls - for example, a cat, a lamb, a cloud)

4) make applications from pieces of paper that the baby has picked. Draw a picture on a piece of paper. And stick pieces of paper on it according to the plot. White glued pieces can depict snow or clouds, blue ones - a river, yellow ones - autumn foliage of trees.

6. Pressing small objects into plasticine (beads, seeds, shells, small pebbles). So we can make pictures - mosaics on plasticine. And you can also help the hero of the game - for example, make a “blue river” (smear plasticine on a strip of cardboard) and build a bridge across the river (press pebbles into plasticine). And then toys will pass along this bridge and thank the baby for their help.

7. Sorting small items- it is very important that the baby does this either with a pinch (with three fingers), or with the “tweezer grip”, that is, he grabs it with two fingers - thumb and forefinger. In this case, the remaining fingers should be bent and not interfere. Show your child the correct way to do this exercise.

Mix two types of beads in one box (or peas and beans; or shells and pebbles, or buttons of different shapes and sizes) and ask you to help. You can sort by color (if you mixed beads of two colors), by shape, by size. First, the baby sorts two kinds of objects enough big size. Then the task becomes more complicated - smaller items are taken and sorted already into 3-5 groups (for example, beans in one box, peas in another, beads in a third, pebbles in a fourth, shells in a fifth).

Sorting happens all the time in the game. For example, our chicken loves peas, and our cockerel loves beans. They need to divide their food into bowls.

Or one doll likes pasta and another likes beans. Give everyone what they love.

Sorting small items is very important in the third year of a child's life.

8. Oversleeping. Pour with a funnel, scoop, spoon various bulk substances from one dish to another. You can pour sand, cereals, peas, lentils). Use different dishes - you can pour into a glass, a vessel with a narrow neck using a funnel. You can pour sand into the box with your hands, hide and look for various small toys in the sand.

9. Use of cutlery- spoons forks. The ability to independently eat with a spoon, fork, drink from a cup is also a very important component of the development of the baby and the development of fine motor skills.

10. Unfolding a paper-wrapped object - a surprise - “What is there?” When the baby unfolds the paper and finds a gift, plays with it, wrap it again - hide it in another paper. And try to find again. Teach your baby to wrap - to hide an item from an older sister or brother, dad, grandmother. Let them rejoice when his surprise is unwrapped.

11. Filling the bottle with small items. IN plastic bottle you can omit beans, pebbles, balls.

To make this exercise effective, show your baby how to do it correctly:

- Grab small objects with either a pinch or two fingers (thumb and forefinger) - just show how you grab the object.

- Hold the bottle with one hand, and take one part at a time with the other hand. It is very important to ensure that the baby takes it correctly and one by one!

- At the end, close the bottle with a cap and rattle the resulting rattle.

12. Constructors. Different designers develop fine motor skills very well. It is important to have several designers at home (but always with a DIFFERENT principle of connecting parts). It is also very useful to make handicrafts, work with clay.

13. Winding. Winding a thick thread on a stick, on a spool, on a ball and unwinding. Winding a thick lace around your hand - your own or your mother's

14. Stringing beads with large holes on a string. Very good idea for stringing, I saw in the kindergarten "Solnyshko" in Moscow. The teachers of this kindergarten collect old unnecessary felt-tip pens with a plastic case. This body is cut into pieces. It turns out multi-colored "tubes" that are strung on a cord.

You can also string spools of thread, rings for curtains, designer parts, beads made of clay or salt dough, rings from small pyramids.

15. Turn the pages of a book one at a time. This exercise is available to a child from a year old. For this, the pages of the first book must be thick, made of cardboard.

Show your child a book. And put a picture on the next page - a surprise. To find it, you need to turn the page. If it is difficult for the baby, then help him by slightly lifting the page.

16. Games - lacing(lace up an apple to the back of a hedgehog, clothing details and other plot laces). But these games quickly bore the baby. Therefore, it is better if you have a doll whose shoes or clothes are tied with a lace. Putting on and undressing this doll in play will make it easy and fun for your little one to practice lacing.

17. Untie and tie knots, bows, weave pigtails, unbutton and fasten Velcro, buttons, buttons, hooks, zippers, take off and put on a hat, pull off socks, take off shoes.

Although most often in modern families the task of mastering the kids different types fasteners are solved with the help of a developing book or rug, but this is just the first stage. Then the kid trains to do it in life in everyday life.

The baby's clothes should have different fasteners - buttons of different shapes and sizes, buttons. It should be borne in mind that it is much easier to fasten the clasp on a rug or another person than on yourself.

The situation when a child has only velcro on clothes and shoes throughout the entire preschool age leads to the fact that even second-graders at the age of 8-9 are not able to dress themselves if the clothes have a different type of fastener, and they cannot even lace up the laces, changing into clothes. physical education! But the lack of independence of the child and dependence on an adult directly affects his further behavior and success in life.

Already at an early age, the baby can take off and put on a hat, stretch out your arms when putting on a sweater, put on and take off mittens and gloves, pull off your socks, take off your shoes, put your hands in the sleeves and legs in the pants, take off the unbuttoned pants, coat, jacket - and this is also a contribution to the development of fine motor skills baby, and a very big contribution.

18. Tops. First, the baby learns to launch the spinning top, and then the tops of large sizes. And after that, give the baby spinning tops small size. Instead of a top, use any other items: pyramid rings, balls, plastic bowls, etc. It is also useful to wind clockwork toys with a key.

19. Open and close jars (unscrew and twist the lids) To make it more interesting, hide a surprise inside by wrapping it in paper. And at the same time, the baby will practice unfolding and folding paper. What is hidden in the jar?

20. Lay out figures from sticks, from different types of mosaics.

21. Rolling balls. Children roll small balls table (on the playing field, on which you can draw different paths - straight, curved, in a spiral). During the game, the ball should not slip out from under the palm of your hand. Tell your baby: “Naughty balls! So they try to run away. Don't let them go!" Balls can be rolled both with palms (in the first games) and with one finger (in subsequent games).

22. Rolling a pencil between the palms. First, try rolling the pencil across the table with your palm. Then show your child how to roll the pencil between the straightened palms in the hands (the pencil is in an upright position). At the end of the pencil, you can stick a picture that will “dance” - spin.

More about the development of fine motor skills of children on the website "Native Path":

We will talk about how to develop fine motor skills in children from 3 to 7 years old in the next article (for children from 3 to 7 years old). In it you will find finger games, Maria Montessori exercises for the development of fine motor skills for preschoolers, finger theater, games with clothespins, tests to determine the level of fine motor development and many other interesting ideas.

You will find the list of "20 most interesting and unusual objects for the development of fine motor skills of children"

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Training and development of fine motor skills of hands in children of 6-7 years old is one of the most important areas of pedagogical work, which must be systematically carried out by adults. The period of preparation for school imposes special requirements on future students, one of which is accuracy, dexterity of micro-finger movements. This skill is necessary for the successful development of writing, and it also contributes to common development child's cognitive processes.

How to conduct classes

Teachers and parents should follow a few rules that will help to conduct developmental activities with children as efficiently as possible.

Any exercises for the development of fine motor skills must necessarily correspond to the age of preschoolers. Many tasks for them resemble those that can be offered, but their content should be completely different, much more complex. At 6-7 years old it is useful (as in more younger age):

- to paint, but the drawings should already be with very small details;

- to put together a mosaic, but from a large number of small elements;

- outline dotted images, but without "sliding" from the contour, without errors.

Choose materials, exercises, games for the development of motor skills that will be of interest to the child. It may be worth finding copybooks with his favorite fairy tale characters, dinosaurs or pirates. It is important to carry out any task not only as diligently as possible, but also without fail with a desire, a positive attitude.
The pace of performing exercises of the same type should increase gradually. First, the child must learn to confidently use a pencil or pen to complete tasks on paper, and then, with the improvement of the skill, they can be done even for a while.
Do not teach your child to write capital letters before school. First, he must get used to holding the pencil correctly, repeating the outlines of simple lines and objects. The preschool period is preparatory, do not rush, starting to master the 1st grade program ahead of time.
Classes should be regular, but not too tiring. Before starting each, it is useful to special gymnastics for fingers.
It is important that the baby performs all tasks only with the leading hand. You also need to monitor his posture, as well as good lighting during work.

Tasks

Most of the tasks for the development of fine motor skills in children of older preschool age involve performing special exercises on paper. This not only trains manual dexterity, but also improves the child's eye, his voluntary attention, and the ability to navigate the sheet. Here are some of the most popular assignment options for future first graders:

contours

Invite the child to circle one of the two representatives of the same natural group (birds, animals, fish, insects) about which the riddle is composed. It is necessary to carefully draw all the contour lines, without "confusing" them, without going beyond the boundaries of the images.

Additional tasks for each page will help to captivate the child with the process, form motivation for work, and they are also another stage in training dexterity, attention, and quick wits.

Tasks by points

Ask the preschooler to draw one of the presented simple shapes (animal, bird, flower) using the reference points, following the pattern. Tasks of this type train not only fine motor skills of the hands, but also counting skills, the ability to navigate on a sheet, and coordination of movements.

Funny characters hurry home! Let your baby help insects, fish, spaceships, spinning tops move smoothly and beautifully.

Each sheet of this series is designed in such a way that the first two lines need to draw a line inside a given “track”, and the next two lines without relying on external borders. Additional obstacles (pebbles, stars, clouds) should be avoided as carefully as possible!

Hatching

This complex is composed according to the principle: from simple to complex. His tasks will help the preschooler learn to repeat various graphic elements on paper, which will be useful to him later when mastering writing.

An important nuance is that you need to draw lines from the selected point, in the direction indicated by the arrow.

Circle and color (with words)

A large plot drawing and several lines of small miniature elements allow the child to train not only motor skills, but also attention, patience, and the ability to independently find their mistakes.

Pay attention to the baby on the size of the images included in the recipe, the distance between them, the slope. It is important to try to keep these characteristics while completing the task when drawing and coloring the figures.

Tasks by cells

This complex will help the kid not only draw animals that live in hot countries, but will be an excellent hand dexterity simulator. Each task created on checkered paper contains a large image, a small object, patterns or an ornament. Sometimes there are short words made up of printed letters. Such coloring pages for the development of fine motor skills perfectly train not only motor skills, but also the eye.

Graphic dictation

Here is a selection of exciting exercises that improve the graphic skills of a preschooler, as well as his attention, perseverance, and quick wit. Each sheet is a thematic selection, which includes:

a poem about a depicted character or object (animals, technology);
color illustration to the text;
verbal instructions for the process of drawing on checkered paper, which must be performed by the child, accurately and consistently;
final graphic image.

These buildings can be used in a dictation format or as a sample for the child's independent work on the model. The riddle and pattern make the exercises more attractive for kids.

Games

Of course, for children of 6-7 years old, the game remains the most favorite activity, which is very good for future students! After all, finger dexterity and fine motor skills are perfectly trained not only with the help of special graphic tasks, but also in the course of useful entertainment. Here are some of their options:

You will need some ordinary laces, as well as a set of medium-sized beads. Collect colored balls (15-20 pieces) in a certain sequence, and then invite the child to repeat the pattern. You can ask to complete the task for a while or by competing with other children.

Button games

Invite the children to lay out a pattern or an image of some object from different buttons, it is more interesting to do this for a while. It is best to take small buttons, and make the basis for the picture from thick cardboard covered with a layer of plasticine on top (it will help to securely fix all the details of the “mosaic”).

Tweezers and beads

Take a few small plastic tweezers, a lot of small beads, dishes with a narrow neck (small jars or bottles, according to the number of players). One player or several are given the task to collect a certain number of beads with tweezers into a vessel. The winner is the one who completes the task faster. If the participant is alone, then he can fix his results in time, and then try to beat his own previous record.

Split pictures

Collecting a whole image from pieces of the same size is not only very exciting, but also useful. Children of older preschool age should be offered pictures cut into 10-12 parts. It is even better to give the child parts of paired non-identical cards with pictures (for example, two similar snowmen, planes, dogs) in a set and ask them to collect both.

Use a variety of baby.

Work to improve the fine motor skills of older preschoolers should be carried out before the start of schooling. This is one of the most important goals of pedagogy of this period, which is relevant for any child.

In particular, you need to try to devote enough time special exercises to train graphic skills for those children who have difficulties in speech development.

Stimulation of tactile sensations contributes to the activation of certain centers in the cerebral cortex, which, in turn, favorably affects the formation of children's speech.

Fedorova Ekaterina

speech pathologist

Psychologists and neurophysiologists have long proved the direct dependence of the development of speech on the degree of formation of fine movements of the fingers.

Manual dexterity training contributes to the development of such necessary skills and qualities as preparing a hand for writing, developing spatial thinking, the concept of relativity (more - less, shorter - longer, etc.), artistic perception, eye, teaching communication skills, attentiveness, perseverance and much more.

The main thing in classes of this kind is to accurately select the level of complexity of tasks for a specific age. Too simple, as well as too difficult tasks do not arouse interest in children. As the program material is mastered, the game can be made more difficult by increasing the number of items or speeding up the pace.

Many household chores are great fine motor skills exercises, such as:

Rewinding threads;
tying and untying knots;
caring for cut and fresh flowers;
metal cleaning;
pouring water, washing dishes, washing by hand;
collecting split pictures;
mixing dough with hands.

Psychologists say that a variety of objective activities also contribute to the development of fine motor skills:

- fastening and unbuttoning buttons (a special set for classes can be bought at the store);
- all kinds of lacing;
- stringing rings on a braid;
- sorting out cereals, grains (for example, separate beans from peas).

very many traditional games are an excellent simulator for the development of fingers constructors, crafts from plasticine, clay, drawing, cutting, sewing, playing with beads and others.

Here are a few fun games which work on the development of fine motor skills and are very pleasing to children and adults.

Small object games

"Who will remember?"

Equipment: a box with colored sticks of different sizes, samples drawn on the tables.
Content: an adult shows a sample to a child for 5-10 seconds. The child must carefully consider it and remember the order in which the sticks are placed. The adult removes the table, and the child independently lays out the drawing that he has just seen from the sticks.

Paper games.

Paperwork is very important for a child. You need to teach him to fold and unfold, roll, twist, flip, crumple. You can race around squares or circles, or draw the most intricate maze. Now on sale there are many different stencils of various geometric shapes, animals. The contours of the pattern can be laid out with beads or buttons.
Another game for the little ones: tear paper into the drawer together with the baby and hide a small toy. It will need to be found by touch.

Finger games.

Performing these exercises, the child achieves a good development of fine motor skills, prepares the hand for writing and drawing. Hands acquire good mobility, flexibility, stiffness of movements disappears.

"Scallop"

Lock your fingers in the lock. The ends of the fingers of the right hand press on the upper part of the back of the palm of the left hand, bending it so that the fingers of the left hand stand up like a cockscomb. Then the fingers of the left hand are pressed on the back of the right hand - and the fingers of the right hand turn into a cockscomb.

"The cat releases its claws"

Press the fingertips to the top of the palm. Then quickly straighten and spread your fingers.

"Fast Spin"

Interlock your fingers into the lock (only the thumbs are not interlocked). With your thumbs, make rotational movements around each other, faster and faster.

"Rings"

Put the tip of the little finger on the tip of the thumb - this is a small ring. Then a new ring: the tips of the nameless and thumb; medium and large and, finally, index and large - this is a large ring.
Repeat everything on the other hand.

"Sun, fence, pebbles"

Raise your hands up, the fingers of both hands are straightened and widely separated - this is the "sun".

Then press your fingers tightly against each other and straighten - this is a "fence". Clench both hands into fists - these are “pebbles”.

At your command: “Sun”, “Fence”, “Pebbles” - the child shows with his fingers: “sun” with spread fingers, “fence” with straight fingers or “pebbles” - fists. At first, this exercise is performed at a slow pace, then faster and faster. To complete this task, the child must be extremely attentive.

As the child masters the exercises, introduce more complex elements: change the sequence, the speed of pronouncing command words.

Leaf in a box

It is useful for a child of preschool age to learn how to use a piece of paper in a box, because in the 1st grade in mathematics lessons he will have to work in a notebook. There it will be necessary not only to draw beautiful letters, write patterns, but also be able to work according to the model that the teacher will draw.

Task number 1. "Draw according to the model"

Very useful for preschool children - drawing by dots - children learn how to properly hold a pencil in their hands and guide it correctly by connecting the dots.

Task number 2. "Drawing by points"

The exercise includes 6 tasks, each of which is placed on a separate sheet of a special booklet given to the subject.
The samples in problems No. 1 and 5 are irregular triangles, in problem No. 2 - an irregular trapezoid, in problem No. 3 - a rhombus, in problem No. 4 - a square and in problem No. 6 - a four-beam star:

Task number 3. "Labyrinths"

We develop motor skills, attention and spatial representations.