“Skiing may not be happiness, but it may well replace it,” one of the great French skiers once said. In the midst of the ski season and before the main period of trips to ski resorts we offer you a photo story about how the skis themselves and their role in the lives of our compatriots have changed from time immemorial to the present day.
1. The first mention of skis was found in rock art thousands of years before our era. For northern peoples, including our distant ancestors, this invention was simply vital in order to be able to move through the snow and get food in the winter.
2. Many centuries later, namely, from about the middle of the 16th century, skis began to be used by the military. In the photo: a painting by Ivanov S.V. "The campaign of the Muscovites. XVI century". The painting itself dates from 1903.
3. In general, until the very end of the 19th century, skis were used mainly for hunting and in the army, so skiers all this time used only one stick - the second hand had to remain free. As a sport, skiing in Russia received official recognition in 1895, when the first ski races took place. Photo: Getty Images
4. At first, skis did not have special shoes and were simply tied to the existing one. And given the famous Russian frosts, felt boots were most often the first ski shoes. So it was until the 30s of the twentieth century, when welt boots and bindings appeared, which were actively used by skiers until the 70s, and sometimes continue to be used today. In the photo: Russian soldier on skis and in felt boots, 1900-1919.
5. In the Soviet Union, as is known, physical culture and sports occupied a very honorable place in the life of every citizen. And skiing - first of all, cross-country skiing - has become one of the most common and popular winter views sports. Millions of fans of sports and healthy lifestyle life annually took part in mass ski races.
6. They began to get involved in skiing from childhood - in the long winter months, without exception, all Soviet schoolchildren went in for physical education on cross-country skis. In the photo: Moscow State University, Moscow, 1959.
7. And this is a physical education lesson in Ulyanovsk in 1967. Photo: Sergey Yuriev
8. For adults, skiing was also considered a great way to spend winter leisure and even often replaced romantic dates. It's time to remember the famous Soviet ski wax with its specific smell, far from any romance. However, without her wooden skis, alternatives to which did not yet exist, did not go. Photo: Sergey Yuriev
9. As for alpine skiing, they began to develop in Russia much later than cross-country skiing, and at first they were mainly part of the training of climbers. In the photo: Dombay, 1937
10. The first "breakthrough" in Soviet skiing occurred in 1956, when Evgenia Sidorova (pictured) won the first Olympic medal for winter Olympic Games in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. The athlete took third place, despite a shoulder injury.
11. After that, in the 60s, alpine skiing began to gain unprecedented popularity in the country. And Dombay began to turn from a climbing camp into the country's main ski resort. In 1964, the construction of a recreation and sports complex began here, including a network of hotels, bases, huts and cable cars. In the photo: modern Dombay
12. Another remarkable period in the history of Russian alpine skiing is the era of the "golden team", the time of our triumph in the late 70s - early 80s, when skiers led by Alexander Zhirov literally broke into the pedestals of the World Cup stages. The headlines of sports newspapers were impressive: “Akhtung! The Russians are coming”, “Russians are striving to become leaders”, “24 days of the Russian miracle”. The period of the "golden team" was the time of the flourishing of talents and the long-awaited victories of domestic sports. Photo: Roman Denisov
13. In 1974, there was a real revolution in the ski world - the first plastic skis appeared. At the same time, boots and bindings began to be actively improved. As a result, ski equipment has acquired a completely modern look, although the skis themselves, as well as bindings and boots, continue to be constantly improved even now. Photo: Roman Denisov
14. Modern lovers ski types There are many sports to choose from: shops provide a wide range of ski products, among which not only an amateur, but also a professional can find suitable equipment.
15. Nowadays, schoolchildren are still supposed to learn the basics of cross-country skiing.
16. Alpine skiing and trips to ski resorts are gaining more and more popularity among compatriots every year. Photo: Roman Denisov
17. Some parents begin to introduce kids to their favorite sport from the very beginning. early age – ski schools accept students from three years old.
18. And for those who can’t live without skis even in summer, covered ski resorts with artificial snow.
From time immemorial, northern peoples have used skis not only as a means of transportation, but also as one of the means of subsistence. On the Zalavruga rock (Karelia), near the mouth of the Vyg River, there is an image of Neolithic skiers, and in the Pskov region a ski was found that is about 4000 years old. Quite primitive skis were used by the ancient Siberian tribes, the Chinese, and the indigenous inhabitants of the Arctic regions of America. In the Nikon chronicle of 1444 there is a miniature that tells about the battles of Russian troops with the Tatars. There is a mention of such rats in chronicles starting from the 16th century. From the records of the Swedish archbishop Otto Magnus, it is known how people went skiing three centuries ago. At the beginning of the 16th century, skis from Scandinavia came to Europe. At the same time, the Polish commander Stefan Batory created teams of skiers in his army.
In the 18th century, the Scandinavians used skis of various lengths: the short, right-handed one was used for repulsion, while the long, left-handed one was used for gliding. About one hundred and sixty years ago, the Norwegians held the first skiing competition, in which the future head of government won. In 1856, the Norwegian Ion Thorsteinson crossed the mountains of the Siera Nevada on skis three meters long, carrying a cargo of American mail. For this he was nicknamed "Snow Thompson". Skis sometimes had a bend both in front and behind. The sliding surface of the skis was lined with fur so that they would not slide back on the slopes. For repulsion, as before, they used one stick. When descending, for balance and braking, they sat astride a stick.
The polar explorer Nansen crossed Greenland on oak skis at the end of the 19th century, which served to popularize skiing.
Early 20th century Russian skiers organized competitions at a distance of one hundred meters. In 1911, a 724 km long route was laid between Moscow and the northern capital. The winner completed it in 294 hours and 22 minutes. Marathon runs up to two hundred kilometers long were popular in Sweden. Women took to the track in long skirts and big hats. In 1896, at the Winter Olympics, athletes competed in white trousers and black boots.
For a long time, skis were made from one piece of wood. birch was the best material. Then the skis began to be made glued, from several layers. From the bottom, along the edges, a piping was made of hard wood.
Since 1974, plastic skis have been manufactured. They quickly replaced wooden skis. plastic skis had less weight, greater strength and excellent speed qualities. Plastic skis hold lubrication well and have good grip on snow. With the advent of plastic skis, there have been changes in running technique. In the manufacture of ski poles, fiberglass is also used, which is reinforced with carbon fibers. For their lightness and high strength, they began to be called "coal feather".
Cross-country skiing is extremely popular in the world. World Cups are held cross-country skiing and biathlon, skiing. Various ski disciplines are included in the program of the Winter Olympics.
Skis- a device for moving a person in the snow. They are two long (150-220 centimeters) wooden or plastic planks with pointed and curved toes. Skis are attached to the legs with the help of bindings, at present, special ski boots are required for the use of skis in most cases. On skis, they move using their ability to glide on snow.
Story
In the south of the Kola Peninsula, skis of unequal length were used, and they pushed off with a short ski, using one stick for balance, while the ancient inhabitants of Scandinavia moved on skis of the same length. The founder of Norway, the legendary Nor, came to the fjords on a “good track”.
Skiing was invented by northern peoples in the process of migration to areas with a cold climate and long winters. To survive, people had to move through the snow, sometimes very deep (more than a meter). Most likely, snowshoes were invented first - devices that increase the footprint and thus prevent falling through the snow. The peoples of the north are known, at the time of their discovery by their researchers, they used snowshoes, but did not know about skis. In the process of developing this invention, skis appeared. Appeared, judging by the archaeological finds, in the Altai and in the region of Lake Baikal, snowshoe skis were widespread until the 16th century AD. But by this time sliding skis were already in use. Bishop Olaf the Great in his book “History of northern peoples' so described the techniques winter hunting Lapps: “Those of them who step on skis serve as beaters, those who slide beat deer, wolves and even bears with clubs, because they freely catch up with them. Animals cannot run quickly through deep, sinking snow, and after a tiring and long chase, they fall prey to a man who easily runs on skis.
The second possible variant of the origin of skis is their origin from the sled. Skis are like lightweight sleigh runners.
Initially, skis were used for their intended purpose - for moving through deep snow in the forest during hunting, military operations in winter conditions, etc. This determined their then proportions - they were short (150 cm on average) and wide (15- 20 cm), more comfortable for stepping than for sliding. Such skis can now be seen in the eastern regions of the Russian Federation, where they are used by fishermen and hunters. Sometimes the skis were padded with kamus (skin from a reindeer leg) to make it easier to move up the slope.
At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, ski sport appeared - a type of leisure, consisting in moving on skis at speed or for pleasure. There were skis with other proportions, more suitable for high-speed running - 170-220 cm long and 5-8 cm wide. The same skis began to be used in the army. Around the same time, there were ski poles, significantly facilitating and accelerating the movement on skis.
Gradually, skis completely turned into Sports Equipment and took on a familiar look.
Materials and technologies
Initially, the skis were wooden, made of solid boards and did not shine. appearance. With the start of development skiing and the technical revolution at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries, skis have changed. In addition to changing proportions, they began to be made from several parts, machines began to be used for their manufacture, and ski factories appeared. This state of affairs persisted until the advent of plastic materials, or plastics.
Some plastic materials have properties that are useful for skis - they do not get wet, snow does not stick to them, and glide is better. This is how plastic-coated skis first appeared, then all-plastic skis.
At present, the internals of skis can be quite complex - the sports and sports equipment industry invests a lot of money in scientific research. Modern skis use different kinds plastic, wood, composite materials, alloys.
To care for the sliding surface of skis, ski ointments are used.
Sliding process and lubrication
The glide of a ski is affected by its elasticity, profile, texture of the pattern, temperature and humidity of the snow, the shape of ice crystals, and the properties of the snow surface. The sliding friction coefficient of polyethylene pressed onto the base of the ski over snow is in the range of 0.02-0.05. A texture pattern is formed on the sliding surface, whose roughness is actually calculated by the manufacturer for certain weather conditions. In frosty weather, skiing is the thinnest, on wet skiing it is the roughest. The task is to obtain a thin, on the order of 10 microns, water film between the ski surface and the snow, which under normal conditions is a decisive factor. Surface grinding can change the contact zone between snow and ski within 5-15%, which, in turn, affects the thickness of the water film.
Although the plastic used for skis already slides incomparably better on snow than wood, with the help of lubrication this property can still be significantly improved. In the surface of one ski, according to the manufacturer (CPS Austria Group), about a gram of sliding lubricant is absorbed (dissolved in the amorphous structure of UHMW-PE and filler) at 110 ° C. There are dozens of ointments from different manufacturers. For polyethylene, the surface tension has a coefficient of approximately 0.032 Nm, for conventional paraffin ointments 0.029 Nm, for ointments with fluoride additives even 0.017 Nm, these additives improve gliding on wet tracks, repelling water, or reducing the so-called capillary absorption with a very thick water layer. The best ski glide is at a few degrees of frost (0-4 ° C). Sliding under these conditions is more fluid dynamics than friction. The texture pattern has analogues in wildlife - the mako shark is able to ruffle its scales before an attack, creating turbulence on the surface of its body. True, this effect is noticeable at a fairly high speed of the skier, more than 20 km / h, and gives an increase of 1-2 km / h. With further cooling, the slip evenly decreases - the water layer providing the slip is reduced. Finally, when the temperature drops below -15 ° C, this film does not appear at all, and with further cooling, the friction between two solid surfaces increases more sharply, but evenly, due to the increase in the hardness of snow crystals. The choice of sliding ointment becomes somewhat easier - it must be harder than snow.
Lubrication is a process in which amateurs in Everyday life Do not blindly follow the instructions on the package. For example, applying an ointment with an iron and scraping is justified if the lubricant is sufficiently refractory and cannot be rubbed by rubbing. The advice is to rub with brushes until the “opening of the texture pattern” is more of a marketing move by the manufacturer, designed to increase sales, while up to 99% of the ointment is removed; remaining on the ski is enough for 5-15 km. Although the result is noticeable immediately, but only at very high speeds, which is more important for professionals, and this effect is completely absent in severe frost. In addition, professionals choose a texture pattern and plastic type (dozens of options) for a specific weather (and sometimes they make mistakes). Without rubbing with brushes, the snow will do the same job after a couple of kilometers.
An easy way to evaluate the quality of the glide is to drive down the ski track from a famous hill without pushing off. The distance to which the skis will travel is an objective indicator of the suitability of the lubricant and the method of its application for a particular weather.
Skiing
Ski bindings - these specific bindings completely fix the boot relative to the ski, which is necessary for control at high speeds developed by athletes when descending from the mountains. A characteristic feature of these bindings is the ability to release the boot under critical loads in order to protect a person from severe injuries, fractures.
In addition to these main varieties, there are rare options:
- Telemark ski bindings - similar to ski bindings, they have the specific properties needed for a Telemark style descent.
- Skitour bindings are an intermediate option between rigid and ski bindings, allow you to move comfortably on the plain, while the boot is attached to the ski only with a toe, and also provide the ability to fix the heel for skiing. They have the ability to release the boot under critical loads, like ski boots.
- Jump bindings - modification of bindings for jumping sports.
They made a Russian invention ... They have wooden rims about seven feet long and one span wide, but the bottom is flat and smooth. They tie them under their feet and run with them through the snow, never sinking into it, and with such speed that one can be surprised at it.
Mons Palm, secretary of the Swedish embassy in Moscow, 1617.
The history of cross-country skiing dates back several millennia, which is confirmed by rock paintings in the caves of Norway, made around 7000 years ago . It all started from the moment when a person discovered that by tying two pieces of wood of a special shape to his feet, he could move faster through snow-covered fields and forests while hunting. Many centuries later, approximately in the middle 16th century , skis began to be used by the armies of the Scandinavian countries, a little later the military was put on skis in Russia. The first similar competition was held in Norway in 1767 , however further development cross-country skiing as a sport did not exist until the middle of the 19th century. In 1843 in Norway, and then in 1865 in Finland, official competitions for cross-country skiing. In 1862, the first ever result was recorded in Sweden - Lars Tuorda from Lapland won the two-part 220 km race in a time of 22 hours 22 minutes. In Russia, the first competition dates back only 1894 when a ski race for a quarter of a mile took place in St. Petersburg.
Nothing refreshes the will and refreshes the mind like skis.
One of the most important events in the development of cross-country skiing in the 19th century is objectively considered the feat of the famous Norwegian traveler, explorer of the Arctic.Fridtjof Nansen, who in 1889 was the first in the world to make more than five hundred kilometers crossing Greenland alone. Three years later, a book was published about this transition, translated into several languages, thanks to which people around the world learned a lot about skiing and fell in love with skiing. ski trips. It was from the end of the 19th century that sports societies and skiing clubs began to actively appear in all countries.
“Nothing strengthens the muscles and makes the body so strong and elastic, nothing gives reaction and speed, nothing refreshes the will and refreshes the mind like skis” - these are the words of Fridtjof Nansen.
Over the entire period of the evolution of ski equipment, and this is several thousand years, there were very different variants skis, boots and poles. The first devices for moving on snow were more like modern snowshoes, but over time they transformed, became longer and narrower to increase speed, they could already slide on the snow and looked like our usual skis in their appearance. It is known from archaeological data that already in XIII century in Russia, skis about 190 cm long and about 8 cm wide with curved ends were used, but at the beginning of the 20th century, skis up to 3 m long were common.
The first ski shoes did not have a hard sole and were simply tied to the skis, since there were no special bindings. So it was up to up to 30s XX century, when welt boots appeared, which were actively used by skiers until the 70s.
Running poles also have an interesting history. It turns out that until the end of the 19th century, skiers used only one stick. This is due to the fact that skis were used mainly for hunting and in the army. The first sticks were wooden or bamboo, about the height of a person. Only in our time have sticks become a product high technology are made from lightweight aluminum or composite materials.
The rapid development of ski equipment began in the 70s of the XX century. In 1971 the Norwegian company Rottefella developed a well-known fastening standard NN75 (Nordic Norm 75 mm ) with three pins for welt boots. This standard immediately gained immense popularity all over the world, and in our country, due to its low cost and ease of production, until recently it was the most common. Over the past few years, the situation has changed dramatically, NN75 mounts have lost their positions and are used only by those who have not yet made progress.
In 1974 there was a revolution in the production of cross-country skis - the first plastic skis appeared. Soon the tracks began to be prepared by machine, they became wider and stiffer, which in the early 80s led to the appearance of skating, whose founder is considered the famous Swedish skier Gunde Swan . At the same time, boots and bindings began to be actively improved. The welted boots were replaced by narrower ones - “sock boots”, and the NN75 bindings - by Adidas “frogs”, then by the system SDS , but the reliability of these new developments left much to be desired. There was a division of boots into classic and skating. Finally, in the mid-80s, two truly functional, modern fastening standards appeared - SNS (Salomon Nordic System) and NNN (New Nordic Norm, Rottefella ). Boots and bindings have formed a system that ensures the efficient transfer of energy from the skier to the ski.
In the 90s, ski production appeared cap -technology, "sandwich" skis are a thing of the past. Now everything is modern cross-country skiing consist of a core covered with a “box” on top, the surface of which can have a 3-dimensional shape. The geometry of the skis has also changed - it has ceased to be parallel. Manufacturing companies are still in constant search of the optimal ski profile, and the calculations of the characteristics of new models are increasingly closer to aerospace and "formula" technologies.
In the late 90s, a new technological breakthrough occurred - a system of bindings and boots appeared. SNS Pilot - biaxial fastening of the boot, which significantly improved the technique of skating. And in 2005, a new revolutionary development was announced - an integrated system of skis and bindings - NIS ( Nordic Integrated System Rottefella), now you do not need to drill skis to install mounts.
Modern skiing is 39 ski disciplines at the Olympic Games, 26 competitive ski events awaiting "Olympic registration", as well as more than 20 events approved in the status of a "sport" of events.
Athletics is rightly called the "queen of sports", and the rapidly developing skiing in the retinue of winter Olympic disciplines is the uncontested "king of sports".
Osipenkova Taisiya
Skiing was invented by northern peoples in the process of migration to areas with a cold climate and long winters. To survive, people had to move through the snow, sometimes very deep (more than a meter). Most likely, snowshoes were first invented - devices that increase the footprint of the legs and thereby prevent falling through the snow. The peoples of the north are known, at the time of their discovery by their researchers, they used snowshoes, but did not know about skis. In the process of developing this invention, skis appeared. Appeared, judging by the archaeological finds, in the Altai and in the region of Lake Baikal, snowshoe skis were widespread until the 16th century AD. But by this time sliding skis were already in use. Bishop Olaf the Great, in his book “History of the Northern Peoples” published in Rome in 1555, described the methods of winter hunting of the Lapps as follows: “Those who walk on skis serve as beaters, those who slide beat deer, wolves and even bears with clubs , because they are freely catching up. Animals cannot run quickly through deep, sinking snow, and after a tiring and long chase, they fall prey to a man who easily runs on skis..
The second possible variant of the origin of skis is their origin from the sled. Skis are like lightweight sleigh runners.
Initially, skis were used for their intended purpose - for moving through deep snow in the forest during hunting, military operations in winter conditions, etc. This determined their then proportions - they were short (150 cm on average) and wide (15- 20 cm), more comfortable for stepping than for sliding. Such skis can now be seen in the eastern regions of the Russian Federation, where they are used by fishermen and hunters. Sometimes the skis were padded with kamus (skin from a reindeer leg) to make it easier to move up the slope.
At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, skiing appeared - a kind of leisure, consisting in skiing for speed or for pleasure. There were skis with other proportions, more suitable for high-speed running - 170-220 cm long and 5-8 cm wide. The same skis began to be used in the army. Around the same time, ski poles appeared, which greatly facilitated and accelerated skiing.
Gradually, skis completely turned into sports equipment and took on a familiar look.
Initially, the skis were wooden, made from solid boards and did not shine in appearance. With the beginning of the development of skiing and the technical revolution at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries, skis have changed. In addition to changing proportions, they began to be made from several parts, machines began to be used for their manufacture, and ski factories appeared. This state of affairs persisted until the advent of plastic materials, or plastics.
Some plastic materials have properties that are useful for skis - they do not get wet, snow does not stick to them, and glide is better. This is how plastic-coated skis first appeared, then all-plastic skis.
At present, the internals of skis can be quite complex - the sports and sports equipment industry invests a lot of money in scientific research. Modern skis use
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Cross-country skiing - skis that allow you to move on snowy terrain for short and medium distances (up to 50 km) at high speed. They are divided into two large classes: plastic skis and wooden skis. Plastic skis, in turn, are also divided into two large subclasses: notched skis and skis with a smooth block (that is, a smooth middle part of the ski). Skis with a smooth block, in turn, are divided into two more subclasses: designed for the classic style of movement (when the skis move parallel to one another in the track) and for the skating style, when the skier moves along a wide snowy road, and his movements are similar to the movements of a skater .
Skis - a device for moving a person through the snow. They are two long (150-220 centimeters) wooden or plastic planks with pointed and curved toes. Skis are attached to the legs with the help of bindings, at present, special ski boots are required for the use of skis in most cases. On skis, they move using their ability to glide on snow.
Alpine skiing is a special type of ski used for downhill skiing and in alpine skiing. At first, ordinary skis with semi-rigid bindings were used for sports downhill skiing. A perfect example of this can be seen in the movie Sun Valley Serenade. Gradually, the skis were modified. One of the first modifications was the edging - narrow (4-5 mm) metal strips were attached flush to the bottom along the edges of the ski. This, firstly, prevented the ski wood from grinding on the firn (hard hard snow that often forms in the mountains, sometimes interspersed with small ice crystals), and secondly, it made it possible to control the skis more confidently.
Notched plastic skis. They are skis with notches (hooks, serifs) in the middle part of the ski in the area ski boot. They are a very good fitness tool, but they are practically not used by professional skiers. Nevertheless, such skis are extremely popular in the developed countries of Europe and America. Approximately half of all skis sold in Western countries are notched skis.
For skating style of movement. Skating style of movement requires a little more high level physical training compared to classical style. It is no coincidence that most people skiing in the forest use the classic style of movement - it is simpler, more democratic, less demanding on the quality of preparation and width ski run. Wherein skating shorter than the classic ones, usually by 15-20 cm. Also on these skis, from the bottom, along the edges of the ski, a 1-2 mm edge is made for a more stable ski run so that it does not slip to the side. For the same purpose, some manufacturers, for example, Rossignol, began to make two grooves on each ski, instead of one central one. The grooves are symmetrical and allow you to freely change the left ski with the right one.
Skis can be attached to boots using various devices of varying degrees of complexity, which are called mounts. The whole variety of fasteners can be divided into several types: 1.simple 2.soft 3.semi-rigid 4.hard 5.mountain
Simple bindings - the first to appear, they can be found on hunting skis. They are a simple leather or fabric loop into which it is easy to insert a foot in a felt boot. Soft mounts are the development of simple ones. Another strap was added to the loop, covering the back of the leg, above the heel, and preventing the ski from slipping off the leg. Currently, such mounts are often put on children's skis. Semi-rigid fastenings - the leather loop is replaced by metal cheeks, against which the boot rests, held on top by a sling. Instead of a belt, a cable is used - a metal spring. The cable is tensioned with a small lever, which is attached in front of the cheeks. All three listed types of fasteners do not require special shoes, are reliable and easy to use. Semi-rigid mounts for a long time were in service in the armies of various countries. Also, semi-rigid bindings were used in skiing and jumping in the early stages, before the advent of modern ski bindings and boots.
Rigid bindings - when using them, the boot is “tightly” connected with the toe to the skis, which allows them to be better controlled. It is hard mounts that are now widely used. Currently, three mounting systems are being produced - Nordic 75 (familiar to everyone in the USSR), SNS, NNN and its new version NIS. Ski bindings - these specific bindings completely fix the boot relative to the ski, which is necessary for control at high speeds developed by athletes when descending from the mountains. A characteristic feature of these bindings is the ability to release the boot under critical loads in order to protect a person from severe injuries and fractures.
In addition to these basic varieties, there are rare options: Telemark ski bindings - similar to ski bindings, they have the specific properties needed for telemark-style skiing. Skitour bindings - an intermediate option between hard and ski bindings, allow you to comfortably move on the plain, while the boot is attached to the ski only with a toe, and also provide the ability to fix the heel for skiing. They have the ability to release the boot under critical loads, like ski boots. Jump bindings - modification of bindings for jumping sports.
